(Bast)
National Basketball Association
The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the major league basketball in North America created in 1946 under the name BAA (Basketball Association of America). In 1949, following the merger with the NBL (National Basketball League), the league is renowned NBA.
The championship includes 30 franchises, divided into two conferences (East and West), including all three Divisions. After a regular season includes 82 games, 16 teams compete in playoffs (playoffs). The Finals confront the best team in the Eastern Conference against the best team in the West Conference. The team that reaches the first to win four games is named champion.
The NBA logo is the effigy of Jerry West, a great leader of the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1960's.
The headquarters of the NBA is located in the Olympic Tower at 645, the 5eAvenue in New York.
Basketball Association of America
The Basketball Association of America (BAA) is founded on June 6, 1946 at the Commodore Hotel in New York by the owners of sports arenas North-East and Midwest of the USA. Maurice Podoloff is named president. It is not the first league basketball created the USA. Indeed, there is already the American Basketball League (ABL) and the National Basketball League (NBL). But BAA is the first league to play its teams in large rooms located in major cities. During the early years, the quality of the game of the BAA is not particularly better than other leagues, or club independent of Harlem Globetrotters. For example, Baltimore Bullets, a finalist for the ABL in 1947, are included in the BAA and won the title in 1948. In 1949, the NBL champions of 1948, the Minneapolis Lakers needed to BAA. The story holds that the first match played in BAA, the forerunner of the NBA, between 1 November 1946 the Toronto Huskies to the New York Knickerbockers.
National Basketball Association
On August 3, 1949, the BAA agrees to merge with the NBL, thus becoming the National Basketball Association (NBA). The 1949-1950 season may be seen as the first season in the history of the NBA as such. The league has 17 franchises then in a series of cities, large and small, some playing in large arenas, others in gyms. In 1950, the NBA decides to reduce the number of teams, bringing to 11. Continuing this process, the league in 1955 reached a record of only 8 franchises. It should be noted that these eight franchises are still members of the NBA today (Knickerbockers, Celtics, Warriors, Lakers, Royals / Kings, Hawks and Nationals/76ers). While the NBA reserre, franchises located in small towns settle in larger cities. The Hawks leave Tri Cities (now known as Quad Cities) and settled in Milwaukee, then in St. Louis. The Rochester Royals are in Cincinnati and Fort Wayne Pistons in Detroit.
Even if the Japanese-amércain Wataru Misaka is the first to break the color barrier NBA in 1947-1948 (time of the BAA), while he plays for the New York Knicks, 1950 is regarded as the year integration in the NBA, when Chuck Cooper joined the Boston Celtics, Nat "Sweetwater" Clifton of the New York Knicks and Earl Lloyd the Washington Capitols. Today, more than fifty years later, the NBA sees mingle many ethnicities and cultures. The Afro-Americans are widely majority (80%).
The Minneapolis Lakers were the first to build a dynasty. Led by their pivot George Mikan, they won five titles champions in six years (1949, 1950, 1952, 1953 and 1954).
To encourage a shooter and energize the game, the 24 second rule is introduced in 1954: if a team has not attempted to shoot when she has the ball for 24 seconds, the game is stopped and the ball travelled to the 'opponent.
In 1956, the linchpin rookie Bill Russell joined the Boston Celtics, who already behind Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach, and takes the team to the incredible performance of 11 titles in 13 seasons (1957, from 1959 to 1966, 1968 and 1969).
Wilt Chamberlain joined the NBA in 1959 and became the star archi-dominant 60 years, setting new records in points and rebounds. The rivalry between the east to legendary Bill Russell, considered one of the most intense in the history of team sports.
Meanwhile, franchises continue to move to bigger cities: Minneapolis Lakers leave and settled in Los Angeles, Philadelphia Warriors moved to San Francisco and the Syracuse Nationals in Philadelphia. New teams are integrated.
In 1967, the NBA faces a new adversary: the ABA (American Basketball Association). The two leagues will declare war talent. It is one that will count in its ranks the most talented players. The NBA takes the best university player of the moment, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (then known under the name of Lew Alcindor), who, with Oscar Robertson, enmènera the Milwaukee Bucks under since its second season, and later win five titles with the Los Angeles Lakers.
However, the best scorer of the NBA, Rick Barry, decides to go play in ABA, as the arbitrators are four veterans (Norm Drucker, Earl Strom, John Vanak and Joe Gushue).
The ABA also managed to attract some major stars such as Julius Erving, in part because the teams have the right to sign undergraduates (students).
THE NBA, during this period, grew rapidly, seeking to place its franchises in the largest cities. After the 1975-1976 season, the two leagues to agree: ABA disappears, but four of its franchises are included in the NBA championship: New York Nets, Denver Nuggets, Indiana Pacers and San Antonio Spurs . The account then 22 NBA franchises.
The league adopted in 1979 the three-point line, which was an innovation of the ABA, and its commissionneur George Mikan. That same year, Larry Bird and Magic Johnson arrived in the NBA, respectively, the Boston Celtics and the Los Angeles Lakers. They begin a period where interest in the league the USA and the world is growing. Bird won three titles with Boston. Johnson, five with Los Angeles.
Michael Jordan arrived at the 1984 Chicago Bulls, giving fans more and more a star more popular than ever. The Miami Heat and Charlotte Hornets integrate the NBA in 1988, joined in 1989 by the Orlando Magic and Minnesota Timberwolves. The league has 27 teams then. During the 90 years, Jordan won 6 titles (1991 to 1993 and from 1996 to 1998).
The 1990 is also the scene of a grand opening of the NBA. The famous Dream Team Olympics 1992, the first to bring together the biggest stars of the NBA Dignitaries, including Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Magic Johnson, Charles Barkley and many others.
In 1995, the NBA knows its first expansion abroad, namely in Canada, with the creation of franchises of the Toronto Raptors and Vancouver Grizzlies. In 2001, the Grizzlies moved to Memphis, the Raptors became the only team in the league to be located outside the USA. The last franchise created is that of the Charlotte Bobcats in 2004, bringing the current number of teams in the NBA to 30.
More and more good players also come from abroad. At the outset, most of these players, as the 1994 MVP Hakeem Olajuwon (Nigeria), played first in NCAA for self-improvement. But foreign players are beginning to leave their club to enter directly in the NBA, as Rookie of the Year and MVP of the 2002 World Championship 2006 Pau Gasol (Spain) as the 1st choice of the 2002 draft Yao Ming (China) as MVP of the 2002 World Championship and Euro 2005 Dirk Nowitzki (Germany), or as the tournament MVP of the 2004 Olympics Manu Ginóbili (Argentina). Today, young players in the English-speaking world are trying to play NCAA will arise before the draft (the best examples are the 2005 and 2006 MVP Steve Nash (Canada) and 1 draft choice of 2006 Andrew Bogut (Australia) , While other foreign players arrive in the NBA directly from their club professional.
In 1996, the NBA created the WNBA (Women's National Basketball Association) and in 2001 a minor league, the National Basketball Development League, today called NBA Development League (see below).
In 1998, owners of the NBA start a strike that lasted 191 days, and ends on January 18, 1999. The 1998-1999 season is therefore reduced from 82 matches per team to 50, all played during the first months of 1999.
On 29 June 2006, a new official ball is presented for the 2006-2007 season. This is the first ball change in 35 years and only the second in 60 seasons. Designed by Spalding, the new ball offers a reworked design and is made of a synthetic material which, according to Spalding, allows a better grip and a better grip the ball back. However, players complain quickly, saying that the ball is dry adhesive, and that the wet slippery.
On 11 December 2006, David Stern announced the return to the old leather ball in from 1 January 2007. The commissionneur eventually give in to complaints from players who complain about cuts to the fingers due to the microfibers that make up the ball.
Today, brings together 30 NBA franchises and became one of the largest sports leagues in the world. The matches are broadcast in 212 countries and 42 languages.
Read also Basketball
wikipedia
Juventus Football Club
(Bast)
Juventus Football Club
The Juventus Football Club, commonly known as Juventus or Juventus of Turin in french, even Juve, is an Italian football club based in Turin founded in 1897 and now coached by Claudio Ranieri. It plays in Serie A (1st division) of the Italian football championship. The team and all its categories train on the grounds of the sports centre Juventus Center in Vinovo, commune of Piedmont 13 425 inhabitants located 14 km from Turin.
The name of the team (in Piedmont) comes from the latin name Iuventus (youth in french) and was chosen - as explained in the section on the history of Juventus - by the founders of the club, who were young Students Turin.
Juventus, the fourth Italian club's oldest, is the most titled team in Italy with a total of 51 official trophies won, trophies, including 40 national and 11 international trophies. For many European titles officially recognised by UEFA and FIFA won, Juventus is the second Italian team, the third European team and the fifth global team. Juventus is among the ten teams the most prestigious and titled in the history of world football.
Finally, Juventus, one of the most followed teams in the world, is the only club in the world to have won all competitions at international level and in 1985 she became the first team to win all three major European competitions. Only three other teams managed to match this performance: FC Barcelona and Ajax in 1992 and Bayern Munich in 1996.
Doxa According to a poll published in L'Espresso magazine in April 2002, the Old Lady of Italian team is the most supported in Italy: about 11 040 000 supporters, representing 31% of the total.
Despite this, Juventus is not the most supported team in his hometown, where his tifosi are a minority compared to supporters of Torino, considered to Turin as the team most representative of Piedmont.
History
The word means juventus youth in latin. The club was founded on 1 November 1897 under the name "Sport Club Juventus." The club is renamed as Juventus Football Club in 1899.
The first club colors are pink and black. As a result of a mistake Delivery Provider of English jersey, the club adopted the colors of Notts County FC in 1903. The equipment was indeed delivered a game jersey of the English club in place of the pink jersey ordered ...
La Juve was long headed by Umberto Agnelli. Its called Delle Alpi stadium (Des Italian Alps). Its capital is owned by the holding company IFI of the Agnelli family who runs the group FIAT.
Juventus is certainly the flagship club in Italy, most supported, is also the most liked in Turin.
Juventus was immediately shown a competitive series A, it won many titles before the war, 7 in total.
The FA Cup success in Europe will be won later. It will take effect in the arrival of the triumvirate Bettega, Boniperti and Trapattoni at the helm of the club to see him standing out on the European scene.
It loses 1st final in 1973 to face Johan Cruyff and the machine of Ajax. However, the club won the Uefa Cup in 1977. The team is solid with Dino Zoff in the purposes and other players such as Cabrini or Rossi.
In 1982 Michel Platini joined the club. In the space of five years, they will win a lot. They lose first, a second final Cup champions, face Hamburg SV (1983). They won the following year the title of champion, that ansi Cup cuts.
The team is unbeatable quickly. She finally wins its first Cup Champions (1 to 0 to face Liverpool FC), in the terrible nightmare of Heysel, where 39 Italian fans died, suffocated. It ended the year in style by winning also the Intercontinental Cup.
The departure of managers (Zoff, Rossi, Platini, Boniek) will sign the decline in the club (despite the cuts the UEFA 1990 and 1993), which would revert to the summit with the arrival of Luciano Moggi and Marcello Lippi. They make their titles of nobility to the Old Lady, including winning the Champions League, which also allows them to take revenge because the expense of Ajax Amsterdam.
Many talented players who follow the club: John Charles, Dino Zoff, Vialli, Boniek, Roberto Baggio, Alessandro Del Piero, Schillaci, Zinédine Zidane.
The Juventus Turin holds the record for victories football gold: Sivori (1961), Rossi (1982), Platini (1983-84-85), Baggio (1993), Zidane (1998), Nedvěd (2003).
In May 2006, Juventus (with AC Milan, Lazio, Fiorentina and Reggina) is at the centre of a major scandal concerning the designation of referees in the Italian championship. Luciano Moggi must resign from his post as CEO and was placed under investigation. The court recquiert a relegation to Serie C (third division) and a penalty of 6 points. In July, Juventus is finally demoted to Serie B with a penalty of 17points. His championship titles in 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 seasons are cancelled, the title of the season was finally awarded to Inter Milan. Didier Deschamps has been appointed coach of Juventus shortly before the decision.
Following the verdict by the Court arbitration Italian (Arbitrato Coni) on the night of October 27, 2006, Juventus saw its penalty of 17 points boil down to -9 points. The classification of the Italian Series B (like the serie A), is therefore renewed. The SS Lazio was penalized by 3 points, AC Fiorentina on 15 points, AC Milan 8 points for the championship Series A 2006-2007.
The Stadio delle Alpi, which will take the name of a sponsor is under renovation for a maximum period of two years. Juventus plays its championship matches at Stadio Olimpico in Turin. Then, when the reconstruction of the Stadio delle Alpi is completed, the Old Lady will join his new forum, which will then completely.
On 19 May 2007, outweighing the field of Arezzo (5 to 1), Juventus won the right to go back to Serie A, one year after revelations that déclenchèrent the Calciopoli scandal.
On 26 May 2007, Didier Deschamps démissione post of coach of Juventus. He is replaced on June 4, 2007 by Claudio Ranieri.
On 25 August 2007, on his return to Serie A, Juventus Livorno crushes on the score of 5-1 (Triple by David Trezeguet, Vincenzo Iaquinta doubled). During the 2007-2008 championship, the team will fight with the best. New talents like Antonio Nocerino hatch or Raffaele Palladino. The former remained a great team and is then built, capable of beating Inter Milan or AS Roma. Del Piero, emblem of the club becomes the player with the most contested match with Juventus.
Awards
* Champions League (C1) (2): 1985 (see Drama Heysel), 1996
o Finalist: 1973, 1983, 1997, 1998, 2003.
* Europe Cup Winners Cup (C2) (1): 1984
* UEFA Cup (C3) (3): 1977, 1990, 1993.
o Finalist: 1995, 1965, 1971
* The UEFA Supercup (2): 1984, 1997
* Intercontinental Cup (2): 1985, 1996
o Finalist: 1973.
* Intertoto Cup (1): 1999
* Mitropa Cup
o Semi-finals: 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935
* Italy Championship Series A (27): 1905, 1926, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1950, 1952, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1967, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1981 1982, 1984, 1986, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2005 [2], 2006 [3] (record).
* Italy Championship Series B (1): 2007
* Cup Italy (9): 1938, 1942, 1959, 1960, 1965, 1979, 1983, 1990, 1995 (record).
o Finalist: 1973, 1992, 2002, 2004
* Italian Super Cup (4): 1995, 1997, 2002, 2003.
o Finalist: 1990, 1998, 2005.
* Mundialito clubs (Coppa Super Clubs, or Championship clubs FIFA) (1): 1983 (San Siro)
* Joan Gamper Trophy (1): 2005
* Luigi Berlusconi Trophy (8): 1991, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004
Read also www.juventus.it
wikipedia
Juventus Football Club
The Juventus Football Club, commonly known as Juventus or Juventus of Turin in french, even Juve, is an Italian football club based in Turin founded in 1897 and now coached by Claudio Ranieri. It plays in Serie A (1st division) of the Italian football championship. The team and all its categories train on the grounds of the sports centre Juventus Center in Vinovo, commune of Piedmont 13 425 inhabitants located 14 km from Turin.
The name of the team (in Piedmont) comes from the latin name Iuventus (youth in french) and was chosen - as explained in the section on the history of Juventus - by the founders of the club, who were young Students Turin.
Juventus, the fourth Italian club's oldest, is the most titled team in Italy with a total of 51 official trophies won, trophies, including 40 national and 11 international trophies. For many European titles officially recognised by UEFA and FIFA won, Juventus is the second Italian team, the third European team and the fifth global team. Juventus is among the ten teams the most prestigious and titled in the history of world football.
Finally, Juventus, one of the most followed teams in the world, is the only club in the world to have won all competitions at international level and in 1985 she became the first team to win all three major European competitions. Only three other teams managed to match this performance: FC Barcelona and Ajax in 1992 and Bayern Munich in 1996.
Doxa According to a poll published in L'Espresso magazine in April 2002, the Old Lady of Italian team is the most supported in Italy: about 11 040 000 supporters, representing 31% of the total.
Despite this, Juventus is not the most supported team in his hometown, where his tifosi are a minority compared to supporters of Torino, considered to Turin as the team most representative of Piedmont.
History
The word means juventus youth in latin. The club was founded on 1 November 1897 under the name "Sport Club Juventus." The club is renamed as Juventus Football Club in 1899.
The first club colors are pink and black. As a result of a mistake Delivery Provider of English jersey, the club adopted the colors of Notts County FC in 1903. The equipment was indeed delivered a game jersey of the English club in place of the pink jersey ordered ...
La Juve was long headed by Umberto Agnelli. Its called Delle Alpi stadium (Des Italian Alps). Its capital is owned by the holding company IFI of the Agnelli family who runs the group FIAT.
Juventus is certainly the flagship club in Italy, most supported, is also the most liked in Turin.
Juventus was immediately shown a competitive series A, it won many titles before the war, 7 in total.
The FA Cup success in Europe will be won later. It will take effect in the arrival of the triumvirate Bettega, Boniperti and Trapattoni at the helm of the club to see him standing out on the European scene.
It loses 1st final in 1973 to face Johan Cruyff and the machine of Ajax. However, the club won the Uefa Cup in 1977. The team is solid with Dino Zoff in the purposes and other players such as Cabrini or Rossi.
In 1982 Michel Platini joined the club. In the space of five years, they will win a lot. They lose first, a second final Cup champions, face Hamburg SV (1983). They won the following year the title of champion, that ansi Cup cuts.
The team is unbeatable quickly. She finally wins its first Cup Champions (1 to 0 to face Liverpool FC), in the terrible nightmare of Heysel, where 39 Italian fans died, suffocated. It ended the year in style by winning also the Intercontinental Cup.
The departure of managers (Zoff, Rossi, Platini, Boniek) will sign the decline in the club (despite the cuts the UEFA 1990 and 1993), which would revert to the summit with the arrival of Luciano Moggi and Marcello Lippi. They make their titles of nobility to the Old Lady, including winning the Champions League, which also allows them to take revenge because the expense of Ajax Amsterdam.
Many talented players who follow the club: John Charles, Dino Zoff, Vialli, Boniek, Roberto Baggio, Alessandro Del Piero, Schillaci, Zinédine Zidane.
The Juventus Turin holds the record for victories football gold: Sivori (1961), Rossi (1982), Platini (1983-84-85), Baggio (1993), Zidane (1998), Nedvěd (2003).
In May 2006, Juventus (with AC Milan, Lazio, Fiorentina and Reggina) is at the centre of a major scandal concerning the designation of referees in the Italian championship. Luciano Moggi must resign from his post as CEO and was placed under investigation. The court recquiert a relegation to Serie C (third division) and a penalty of 6 points. In July, Juventus is finally demoted to Serie B with a penalty of 17points. His championship titles in 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 seasons are cancelled, the title of the season was finally awarded to Inter Milan. Didier Deschamps has been appointed coach of Juventus shortly before the decision.
Following the verdict by the Court arbitration Italian (Arbitrato Coni) on the night of October 27, 2006, Juventus saw its penalty of 17 points boil down to -9 points. The classification of the Italian Series B (like the serie A), is therefore renewed. The SS Lazio was penalized by 3 points, AC Fiorentina on 15 points, AC Milan 8 points for the championship Series A 2006-2007.
The Stadio delle Alpi, which will take the name of a sponsor is under renovation for a maximum period of two years. Juventus plays its championship matches at Stadio Olimpico in Turin. Then, when the reconstruction of the Stadio delle Alpi is completed, the Old Lady will join his new forum, which will then completely.
On 19 May 2007, outweighing the field of Arezzo (5 to 1), Juventus won the right to go back to Serie A, one year after revelations that déclenchèrent the Calciopoli scandal.
On 26 May 2007, Didier Deschamps démissione post of coach of Juventus. He is replaced on June 4, 2007 by Claudio Ranieri.
On 25 August 2007, on his return to Serie A, Juventus Livorno crushes on the score of 5-1 (Triple by David Trezeguet, Vincenzo Iaquinta doubled). During the 2007-2008 championship, the team will fight with the best. New talents like Antonio Nocerino hatch or Raffaele Palladino. The former remained a great team and is then built, capable of beating Inter Milan or AS Roma. Del Piero, emblem of the club becomes the player with the most contested match with Juventus.
Awards
* Champions League (C1) (2): 1985 (see Drama Heysel), 1996
o Finalist: 1973, 1983, 1997, 1998, 2003.
* Europe Cup Winners Cup (C2) (1): 1984
* UEFA Cup (C3) (3): 1977, 1990, 1993.
o Finalist: 1995, 1965, 1971
* The UEFA Supercup (2): 1984, 1997
* Intercontinental Cup (2): 1985, 1996
o Finalist: 1973.
* Intertoto Cup (1): 1999
* Mitropa Cup
o Semi-finals: 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935
* Italy Championship Series A (27): 1905, 1926, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1950, 1952, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1967, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1981 1982, 1984, 1986, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2005 [2], 2006 [3] (record).
* Italy Championship Series B (1): 2007
* Cup Italy (9): 1938, 1942, 1959, 1960, 1965, 1979, 1983, 1990, 1995 (record).
o Finalist: 1973, 1992, 2002, 2004
* Italian Super Cup (4): 1995, 1997, 2002, 2003.
o Finalist: 1990, 1998, 2005.
* Mundialito clubs (Coppa Super Clubs, or Championship clubs FIFA) (1): 1983 (San Siro)
* Joan Gamper Trophy (1): 2005
* Luigi Berlusconi Trophy (8): 1991, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004
Read also www.juventus.it
wikipedia
Arsenal Football Club
(Bast)
Arsenal Football Club
Arsenal (full name is Arsenal Football Club, also known as The Arsenal or The Gunners) is an English football club founded in 1886 and develops in the championship of England football. Arsenal won 13 championships, 10 cups in England, a Cup of Cups and one UEFA Cup, but there are still no success in the Champions League, despite a final in 2006, the first for a London club.
Established in 1913 in the Highbury stadium in north London, the club has installed in 2006 in a brand new enclosure 60 000 places: the Emirates Stadium at Ashburton Grove. There is a very old and deep rivalry with neighbours Tottenham, with whom they compete for the North London derby each year.
History
Arsenal was founded under the name of Dial Square FC in 1886 by workers of the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, and renamed the Royal Arsenal shortly afterwards. The club finally adopted the name Woolwich Arsenal after obtaining their professional status in 1891.
The Gunners began in the Football League Second Division, and were promoted to First Division Football League in 1904. However, the club experienced financial problems because of low affluences in matches, favoured by its geographical isolation. In 1913, shortly after their relegation to Second Division, the Gunners crossed the Thames to settle in a new stadium in Highbury, north London. At this change also came a new name: Arsenal FC. The club finished only 5th in 1919, but was elected back in the first division following the passage of the championship to 22 clubs, much to the chagrin of his rivals premises: Tottenham Hotspur. Since Arsenal is never dropped a lower division.
In 1925 the talented Herbert Chapman became the coach of Arsenal. He had already won the championship with Huddersfield Town Football Club in 1924 and 1925, and Arsenal owes its first period of major successes. His training methods and tactics described as revolutionary, as well as players such as Alex James and Cliff Bastin, are the source of domination by the club in English football in 1930. Between 1930 and 1938, Arsenal won the championship five times and twice cut. However Chapman died of pneumonia in 1934 and was unable to attend the coronation of his work. He was still time to rename the subway station Gillespie Road to Arsenal, the only stop in London bearing the name of a football club.
After the suspension of the championship during the World War II, Arsenal won the League in 1948 and 1953 and the FA Cup in 1950. Despite these successes, the club could not find players of the quality of those who made up its workforce in the years 1930, and won trophies few years before 1960. Even the former team captain of England football, Billy Wright, has never enjoyed success as manager of Arsenal.
The second golden era began in 1966 with the arrival of physiotherapist Bertie Mee as manager. After two League Cup finals lost, they won the cup Cities Exhibition, their first European trophy in 1970. This victory was followed by their first league-cup double in England in 1971. Despite these successes, the 1970 decade was characterized by a large number of missed appointments. They finished second championship in 1973, lost three cup finals in England (1972, 1978 and 1980) and were defeated in the finals of the Cup Winners' Europe cuts in 1980 as a result of the test firing the goal. The only major success of the club at that time was a victory in the FA Cup in 1979 gained at the last minute of the final between Manchester United.
The return of former player George Graham as manager in 1986 brought a third period of glory. Arsenal won the League Cup in 1987, from his first season at the club. The 1989 championship was ripped through a victory on a goal included in the last minute in the last match of the season played on the ground of their challenger Liverpool. The boring Arsenal (Boring Arsenal) was once sacred in 1991, not conceding a single defeat, and successfully doubled the FA Cup and League Cup in 1993. Finally Arsenal won thanks to Graham a second European trophy in 1994, the Europe Cup Winners' Cups. However, the reputation of George Graham was tarnished when it was revealed that the agent Rune Hauge had paid commissions on signing some players. He was dismissed in 1995 and suspended for one year by the English federation.
The success of the club from the late 1990 owe much to recruit the coach french Arsène Wenger in 1996. It brought a new tactical approach, a new training regimen and several foreign players (including players french) complétèrent the actual departure. Arsenal managed two new cutting-lined championship in 1998 and 2002, the club also won the FA Cup in 2003 and 2005. In 2004 Arsenal was crowned champion by not losing any match, and ported the record of invincibility in Premier League to 49 games in a row. With this performance, the club is nicknamed the invincible Arsenal. Under the leadership of the club Arsène Wenger has always finished in one of the first two places in the English championship, with the exception of the 1996-1997 season finished in third place and 2005-2006 ended in fourth place. Arsenal is regarded as one of three English clubs largest with Manchester United and Liverpool. However, the club has not experienced the same success on the European stage, despite two titles (1970 UEFA Cup and Cup of Cups in 1994), and though it has reached the final of the League of Champions in 2006.
Awards
* Champions League:
o Finalist: 2006
* Europe Cup Winners' Cup:
o Winner: 1994.
o Finalist: 1980 and 1995.
* UEFA Cup:
o Winner: 1970.
o Finalist: 2000.
* The UEFA Supercup:
o Finalist: 1995
* England Championship:
o Champion (13): 1931, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1971, 1989, 1991, 1998, 2002, 2004.
o Vice-champion (8): 1926, 1932, 1973, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005.
* Championship in England from D2
o Vice-champion: 1904.
* Cup England:
o Winner (10): 1930, 1936, 1950, 1971, 1979, 1993, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2005.
o Finalist (7): 1927, 1932, 1952, 1972, 1978, 1980, 2001.
* Cup League:
o Winner: 1987 and 1993.
o Finalist: 1968, 1969, 1988 and 2007.
* Community Shield:
o Winner (12): 1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004.
* Emirates Cup:
o Winner: 2007
* Tournament Amsterdam:
o Winner: 2005, 2007
With 13 titles Champion of England, Arsenal is the third most successful club in the Kingdom, after Liverpool and Manchester United. And with 10 FA Cups, is the second most titled club in this competition, after Manchester United. Arsenal has also managed to achieve 3 "Doubles" (win the Premierleague and the FA Cup the same year: in 1971, 1998 and 2002), a record shared with Manchester United. Arsenal managed to be the first English team to win the FA Cup and League Cup during the same year (1993) and is also the only club in London have managed to reach a final Champion's League in 2006.
News
The off-2007 was marked by the departure of Thierry Henry at FC Barcelona. The Gunners supporters thought that the club would collapse without its top scorer in the history of the club. As a result players this season have been more motivated than ever and wanted to prove that they did not need "Titi" to succeed. So the players Arsenal have a wonderful early season with a Cecs Fàbregas a state of grace who wakes up in the eyes of Europe. There was also a certain liberation in attack Adebayor who also makes a superb early season by placing a superb goal against Tottenham, Arsenal enemy. Other players have done a very good season start as Hleb, van Persie, Gallas, Eboué, or Sagna to name but a few. After 25 days of the tournament, The Gunners are top with 60 points. In the Champions League Gunners are equally exceptional including a 7-0 inflicted on Slavia Prague, including two doubles signed Cecs Fàbregas and Walcott.
Colors
Historically, Arsenal trees, home, a bright red shirt-sleeved white shorts with white, but it was not always the case. The choice of red comes in recognition of a charitable donation from Nottingham Forest, shortly after the founding of the club in 1886. Two of the founding members of Dial Square, Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates, who were players from Nottingham Forest, had moved to Woolwich to work. As was the first time a team was based in the area no kit could not be reached, Beardsley and Bates wrote to their former team to receive equipment and a balloon. The jersey was darker than the colors of the modern club, which draws closer to purple.
In 1933, Herbert Chapman, wanted his players to be more distinctively dressed, thus improving the holding by adding white stripes and changed the color red to dark red clearer.
In 1964, a completely red jersey was tried but before the negative reactions of supporters, white sleeves made their return as soon as next season. Recently, for the last season at Highbury Arsenal, the colors of the team returned to purple beginnings. The club will recover its colours at the end of the 2005-2006 season.
The colours of Arsenal have also inspired at least two other clubs. In 1909, Sparta Prague adopted a holding identical to that of Arsenal and in 1930, Hibernian adopted the design of the jersey of Arsenal but chose the color green or red. Both teams still wear those colors today.
The exterior colours of the club are traditionally yellow and blue but sometimes they were green and navy in particular in the years 1980. Since 1990 and the arrival of merchandising football jerseys, exterior colours change virtually all seasons. For the 2007-2008 season, the club has introduced an external white jersey in tribute to Herbert Chapman and a third jersey resembling the colours of FC Barcelona.
Arsenal is sponsored since 1982. The first agreement was signed with JVC and it does not end until 1999. Since then, the London club a wooded names SEGA Dreamcast (1999-2002) and then O ² (2002-2006). Since the summer of 2006 and until 2014, Arsenal is sponsored by Emirates. Regarding equipment, Nike is providing the club since 1994. Before them, Umbro (1978-1986) and Adidas (1986-1994) were responsible jerseys.
Read also Liverpool
wikipedia
Arsenal Football Club
Arsenal (full name is Arsenal Football Club, also known as The Arsenal or The Gunners) is an English football club founded in 1886 and develops in the championship of England football. Arsenal won 13 championships, 10 cups in England, a Cup of Cups and one UEFA Cup, but there are still no success in the Champions League, despite a final in 2006, the first for a London club.
Established in 1913 in the Highbury stadium in north London, the club has installed in 2006 in a brand new enclosure 60 000 places: the Emirates Stadium at Ashburton Grove. There is a very old and deep rivalry with neighbours Tottenham, with whom they compete for the North London derby each year.
History
Arsenal was founded under the name of Dial Square FC in 1886 by workers of the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, and renamed the Royal Arsenal shortly afterwards. The club finally adopted the name Woolwich Arsenal after obtaining their professional status in 1891.
The Gunners began in the Football League Second Division, and were promoted to First Division Football League in 1904. However, the club experienced financial problems because of low affluences in matches, favoured by its geographical isolation. In 1913, shortly after their relegation to Second Division, the Gunners crossed the Thames to settle in a new stadium in Highbury, north London. At this change also came a new name: Arsenal FC. The club finished only 5th in 1919, but was elected back in the first division following the passage of the championship to 22 clubs, much to the chagrin of his rivals premises: Tottenham Hotspur. Since Arsenal is never dropped a lower division.
In 1925 the talented Herbert Chapman became the coach of Arsenal. He had already won the championship with Huddersfield Town Football Club in 1924 and 1925, and Arsenal owes its first period of major successes. His training methods and tactics described as revolutionary, as well as players such as Alex James and Cliff Bastin, are the source of domination by the club in English football in 1930. Between 1930 and 1938, Arsenal won the championship five times and twice cut. However Chapman died of pneumonia in 1934 and was unable to attend the coronation of his work. He was still time to rename the subway station Gillespie Road to Arsenal, the only stop in London bearing the name of a football club.
After the suspension of the championship during the World War II, Arsenal won the League in 1948 and 1953 and the FA Cup in 1950. Despite these successes, the club could not find players of the quality of those who made up its workforce in the years 1930, and won trophies few years before 1960. Even the former team captain of England football, Billy Wright, has never enjoyed success as manager of Arsenal.
The second golden era began in 1966 with the arrival of physiotherapist Bertie Mee as manager. After two League Cup finals lost, they won the cup Cities Exhibition, their first European trophy in 1970. This victory was followed by their first league-cup double in England in 1971. Despite these successes, the 1970 decade was characterized by a large number of missed appointments. They finished second championship in 1973, lost three cup finals in England (1972, 1978 and 1980) and were defeated in the finals of the Cup Winners' Europe cuts in 1980 as a result of the test firing the goal. The only major success of the club at that time was a victory in the FA Cup in 1979 gained at the last minute of the final between Manchester United.
The return of former player George Graham as manager in 1986 brought a third period of glory. Arsenal won the League Cup in 1987, from his first season at the club. The 1989 championship was ripped through a victory on a goal included in the last minute in the last match of the season played on the ground of their challenger Liverpool. The boring Arsenal (Boring Arsenal) was once sacred in 1991, not conceding a single defeat, and successfully doubled the FA Cup and League Cup in 1993. Finally Arsenal won thanks to Graham a second European trophy in 1994, the Europe Cup Winners' Cups. However, the reputation of George Graham was tarnished when it was revealed that the agent Rune Hauge had paid commissions on signing some players. He was dismissed in 1995 and suspended for one year by the English federation.
The success of the club from the late 1990 owe much to recruit the coach french Arsène Wenger in 1996. It brought a new tactical approach, a new training regimen and several foreign players (including players french) complétèrent the actual departure. Arsenal managed two new cutting-lined championship in 1998 and 2002, the club also won the FA Cup in 2003 and 2005. In 2004 Arsenal was crowned champion by not losing any match, and ported the record of invincibility in Premier League to 49 games in a row. With this performance, the club is nicknamed the invincible Arsenal. Under the leadership of the club Arsène Wenger has always finished in one of the first two places in the English championship, with the exception of the 1996-1997 season finished in third place and 2005-2006 ended in fourth place. Arsenal is regarded as one of three English clubs largest with Manchester United and Liverpool. However, the club has not experienced the same success on the European stage, despite two titles (1970 UEFA Cup and Cup of Cups in 1994), and though it has reached the final of the League of Champions in 2006.
Awards
* Champions League:
o Finalist: 2006
* Europe Cup Winners' Cup:
o Winner: 1994.
o Finalist: 1980 and 1995.
* UEFA Cup:
o Winner: 1970.
o Finalist: 2000.
* The UEFA Supercup:
o Finalist: 1995
* England Championship:
o Champion (13): 1931, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1971, 1989, 1991, 1998, 2002, 2004.
o Vice-champion (8): 1926, 1932, 1973, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005.
* Championship in England from D2
o Vice-champion: 1904.
* Cup England:
o Winner (10): 1930, 1936, 1950, 1971, 1979, 1993, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2005.
o Finalist (7): 1927, 1932, 1952, 1972, 1978, 1980, 2001.
* Cup League:
o Winner: 1987 and 1993.
o Finalist: 1968, 1969, 1988 and 2007.
* Community Shield:
o Winner (12): 1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004.
* Emirates Cup:
o Winner: 2007
* Tournament Amsterdam:
o Winner: 2005, 2007
With 13 titles Champion of England, Arsenal is the third most successful club in the Kingdom, after Liverpool and Manchester United. And with 10 FA Cups, is the second most titled club in this competition, after Manchester United. Arsenal has also managed to achieve 3 "Doubles" (win the Premierleague and the FA Cup the same year: in 1971, 1998 and 2002), a record shared with Manchester United. Arsenal managed to be the first English team to win the FA Cup and League Cup during the same year (1993) and is also the only club in London have managed to reach a final Champion's League in 2006.
News
The off-2007 was marked by the departure of Thierry Henry at FC Barcelona. The Gunners supporters thought that the club would collapse without its top scorer in the history of the club. As a result players this season have been more motivated than ever and wanted to prove that they did not need "Titi" to succeed. So the players Arsenal have a wonderful early season with a Cecs Fàbregas a state of grace who wakes up in the eyes of Europe. There was also a certain liberation in attack Adebayor who also makes a superb early season by placing a superb goal against Tottenham, Arsenal enemy. Other players have done a very good season start as Hleb, van Persie, Gallas, Eboué, or Sagna to name but a few. After 25 days of the tournament, The Gunners are top with 60 points. In the Champions League Gunners are equally exceptional including a 7-0 inflicted on Slavia Prague, including two doubles signed Cecs Fàbregas and Walcott.
Colors
Historically, Arsenal trees, home, a bright red shirt-sleeved white shorts with white, but it was not always the case. The choice of red comes in recognition of a charitable donation from Nottingham Forest, shortly after the founding of the club in 1886. Two of the founding members of Dial Square, Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates, who were players from Nottingham Forest, had moved to Woolwich to work. As was the first time a team was based in the area no kit could not be reached, Beardsley and Bates wrote to their former team to receive equipment and a balloon. The jersey was darker than the colors of the modern club, which draws closer to purple.
In 1933, Herbert Chapman, wanted his players to be more distinctively dressed, thus improving the holding by adding white stripes and changed the color red to dark red clearer.
In 1964, a completely red jersey was tried but before the negative reactions of supporters, white sleeves made their return as soon as next season. Recently, for the last season at Highbury Arsenal, the colors of the team returned to purple beginnings. The club will recover its colours at the end of the 2005-2006 season.
The colours of Arsenal have also inspired at least two other clubs. In 1909, Sparta Prague adopted a holding identical to that of Arsenal and in 1930, Hibernian adopted the design of the jersey of Arsenal but chose the color green or red. Both teams still wear those colors today.
The exterior colours of the club are traditionally yellow and blue but sometimes they were green and navy in particular in the years 1980. Since 1990 and the arrival of merchandising football jerseys, exterior colours change virtually all seasons. For the 2007-2008 season, the club has introduced an external white jersey in tribute to Herbert Chapman and a third jersey resembling the colours of FC Barcelona.
Arsenal is sponsored since 1982. The first agreement was signed with JVC and it does not end until 1999. Since then, the London club a wooded names SEGA Dreamcast (1999-2002) and then O ² (2002-2006). Since the summer of 2006 and until 2014, Arsenal is sponsored by Emirates. Regarding equipment, Nike is providing the club since 1994. Before them, Umbro (1978-1986) and Adidas (1986-1994) were responsible jerseys.
Read also Liverpool
wikipedia
Liverpool Football Club
(Bast)
Liverpool Football Club
Liverpool Football Club is a football club based in Liverpool and operating in the championship of England football. The club of the Mersey is chaired by David Moores until 2007, when the club assignment of American billionaires Tom Hicks and George Gillett. It is led by Rafael Benítez since 2004. Since 1965, You'll never walk alone is the anthem and motto of the club.
The club
The Liverpool Football Club was founded on March 15, 1892 after a financial disagreement between the management of the club Everton and the landowner to Anfield used previously by the club. Everton left Anfield to Goodison Park, while Liverpool FC and replaces it makes its debut in the championship Lancashire. Liverpool FC is admitted to the championship in England by the League in 1893, adopts a holding red and white, and won her first title in 1901.
The greatness of Liverpool FC merges with the arrival of his manager Bill Shankly in 1959, deciding that players will be dressed all in red (shirt, shorts and socks) to impress the opponent. With Shankly, the club found the 1st division and won many national titles. Liverpool began to make a name in Europe and finally won its first UEFA Cup in 1973.
Under the direction of Bob Paisley and Joe Fagan Liverpool will forge a track legend, including four winning success Clubs Champions Cup between 1977 and 1984. During the 1985 finals contested by Liverpool and Juventus Michel Platini takes place on the tragedy of Heysel, leading to the death of thirty-nine supporters. The folly of hooligans will make the English clubs banned from Europe for five years. The Liverpool FC should be deviated from European competitions for a decade, the penalty was later reduced to six years.
As a manager, Kenny Dalglish gives the club its last major success on the national scene, but Liverpool is once again struck by tragedy in 1989, this time at Hillsborough, where 96 fans died (see tragedy at Hillsborough). His successor Graeme Souness and Roy Evans can not compete with Manchester United, which distinguishes itself in England and Europe.
Backed for a short period by Roy Evans, Gérard Houllier was then appointed manager of the club and under his direction the Reds have an incredible grand slam in 2001 by winning five trophies. To crown it all, Michael Owen wins the Golden Ball. But Liverpool still can not compete with Manchester and Arsenal in the league. Victim of a heart on October 13, 2001 during a match against Leeds United, Gérard Houllier must undergo a serious operation to open heart and put in brackets his duties at Liverpool. It makes a triumphant return to Anfield a few months later, while the Reds complete their championship to a conclusive second place. But despite a new victory in the League Cup in 2003, the love story between Houllier and Liverpool began to come to an end. Leaders and supporters accuse him increasingly erratic performance of the team, and after the 2003-2004 season, Houllier's contract was not renewed. He is replaced in 2004 by former Valencia coach Rafael Benítez, and after the 2004-2005 season Liverpool won its fifth Champions League in shots on goal to face AC Milan, after being led 3 to 0 to half-time.
In October 2006, after a countdown-to-five months, a vote attended by 110 000 people, means Kenny Dalglish as the player with the most marked the Kop, before Steven Gerrard, Ian Rush, Robbie Fowler and John Barnes .
On 6 February 2007, George N. Gillett Jr is acquiring club in the company of billionaire Tom Hicks.
On 1 May 2007, Liverpool qualifies for the finals of the Champions League by beating Chelsea in shots on goal. In this final Champions League Liverpool bows on the score 2 goals to 1, facing his rival, AC Milan.
So far, Liverpool FC remains the most successful club in England.
Awards
* FIFA Club World Cup
o Finalist: 2005.
* Intercontinental Cup:
o Finalist: 1981, 1983 and 2005.
* The UEFA Supercup (3):
o Winner: 1977, 2001 and 2005.
o Finalist: 1978.
* Champions League (5):
o Winner: 1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005.
o Finalist: 1985, 2007.
* Cup of Cups:
o Finalist: 1966.
* UEFA Cup (3):
o Winner: 1973, 1976 and 2001.
* Championship in England (18):
o Champion: 1901, 1906, 1922, 1923, 1947, 1964, 1966, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1988 and 1990.
o Vice-champion: 1899, 1910, 1964, 1969, 1974, 1975, 1978, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1991 and 2002.
* Championship in England from D2 (4):
o Champion: 1894, 1896, 1905 and 1962.
* Cup England (7):
o Winner: 1965, 1974, 1986, 1989, 1992, 2001 and 2006.
o Finalist: 1914, 1950, 1971, 1977, 1988 and 1996.
* League Cup (7):
o Winner: 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1995, 2001 and 2003.
o Finalist: 1978, 1987 and 2005.
* Community Shield (15):
o Winner: 1964, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 2001 and 2006.
Players emblematic
In the first half of the twentieth century, some players perform most of their career as a Liverpool player Ephraim Longworth first club to have been captain of the England team in 1921, which remained from 1910 to 1928 or guardian Elisha Scott, who spent two decades at the club, a record. On the side of the attack, we can see the record of 17 triplets directed by Gordon Hodgson in the years 1920 and 1930.
In the years 1960, Bill Shankly transformed the club into a European giant, with its "colossal" Ron Yeats and Roger Hunt's club top scorer in the league with 245 achievements and winner of the World Cup in 1966.
The transfers made by Bob Paisley in the 1970 and 1980 have played a key role in the success of the club. Thus, two Scots recruited in 1977 had a significant impact: Alan Hansen, winner of three European titles and Kenny Dalglish, Kenny King nicknamed by supporters, which becomes coach of Liverpool after his playing career. In 1980 Paisley recruits young Ian Rush who is still the best scorer in the history of the club.
More recently other players have made themselves known to Liverpool. In early 1990, Steve McManaman and Robbie Fowler and Michael Owen, Jamie Carragher and the current captain Steven Gerrard leaving the training centre of the club.
Read also Manchester United
wikipedia
Liverpool Football Club
Liverpool Football Club is a football club based in Liverpool and operating in the championship of England football. The club of the Mersey is chaired by David Moores until 2007, when the club assignment of American billionaires Tom Hicks and George Gillett. It is led by Rafael Benítez since 2004. Since 1965, You'll never walk alone is the anthem and motto of the club.
The club
The Liverpool Football Club was founded on March 15, 1892 after a financial disagreement between the management of the club Everton and the landowner to Anfield used previously by the club. Everton left Anfield to Goodison Park, while Liverpool FC and replaces it makes its debut in the championship Lancashire. Liverpool FC is admitted to the championship in England by the League in 1893, adopts a holding red and white, and won her first title in 1901.
The greatness of Liverpool FC merges with the arrival of his manager Bill Shankly in 1959, deciding that players will be dressed all in red (shirt, shorts and socks) to impress the opponent. With Shankly, the club found the 1st division and won many national titles. Liverpool began to make a name in Europe and finally won its first UEFA Cup in 1973.
Under the direction of Bob Paisley and Joe Fagan Liverpool will forge a track legend, including four winning success Clubs Champions Cup between 1977 and 1984. During the 1985 finals contested by Liverpool and Juventus Michel Platini takes place on the tragedy of Heysel, leading to the death of thirty-nine supporters. The folly of hooligans will make the English clubs banned from Europe for five years. The Liverpool FC should be deviated from European competitions for a decade, the penalty was later reduced to six years.
As a manager, Kenny Dalglish gives the club its last major success on the national scene, but Liverpool is once again struck by tragedy in 1989, this time at Hillsborough, where 96 fans died (see tragedy at Hillsborough). His successor Graeme Souness and Roy Evans can not compete with Manchester United, which distinguishes itself in England and Europe.
Backed for a short period by Roy Evans, Gérard Houllier was then appointed manager of the club and under his direction the Reds have an incredible grand slam in 2001 by winning five trophies. To crown it all, Michael Owen wins the Golden Ball. But Liverpool still can not compete with Manchester and Arsenal in the league. Victim of a heart on October 13, 2001 during a match against Leeds United, Gérard Houllier must undergo a serious operation to open heart and put in brackets his duties at Liverpool. It makes a triumphant return to Anfield a few months later, while the Reds complete their championship to a conclusive second place. But despite a new victory in the League Cup in 2003, the love story between Houllier and Liverpool began to come to an end. Leaders and supporters accuse him increasingly erratic performance of the team, and after the 2003-2004 season, Houllier's contract was not renewed. He is replaced in 2004 by former Valencia coach Rafael Benítez, and after the 2004-2005 season Liverpool won its fifth Champions League in shots on goal to face AC Milan, after being led 3 to 0 to half-time.
In October 2006, after a countdown-to-five months, a vote attended by 110 000 people, means Kenny Dalglish as the player with the most marked the Kop, before Steven Gerrard, Ian Rush, Robbie Fowler and John Barnes .
On 6 February 2007, George N. Gillett Jr is acquiring club in the company of billionaire Tom Hicks.
On 1 May 2007, Liverpool qualifies for the finals of the Champions League by beating Chelsea in shots on goal. In this final Champions League Liverpool bows on the score 2 goals to 1, facing his rival, AC Milan.
So far, Liverpool FC remains the most successful club in England.
Awards
* FIFA Club World Cup
o Finalist: 2005.
* Intercontinental Cup:
o Finalist: 1981, 1983 and 2005.
* The UEFA Supercup (3):
o Winner: 1977, 2001 and 2005.
o Finalist: 1978.
* Champions League (5):
o Winner: 1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005.
o Finalist: 1985, 2007.
* Cup of Cups:
o Finalist: 1966.
* UEFA Cup (3):
o Winner: 1973, 1976 and 2001.
* Championship in England (18):
o Champion: 1901, 1906, 1922, 1923, 1947, 1964, 1966, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1988 and 1990.
o Vice-champion: 1899, 1910, 1964, 1969, 1974, 1975, 1978, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1991 and 2002.
* Championship in England from D2 (4):
o Champion: 1894, 1896, 1905 and 1962.
* Cup England (7):
o Winner: 1965, 1974, 1986, 1989, 1992, 2001 and 2006.
o Finalist: 1914, 1950, 1971, 1977, 1988 and 1996.
* League Cup (7):
o Winner: 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1995, 2001 and 2003.
o Finalist: 1978, 1987 and 2005.
* Community Shield (15):
o Winner: 1964, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 2001 and 2006.
Players emblematic
In the first half of the twentieth century, some players perform most of their career as a Liverpool player Ephraim Longworth first club to have been captain of the England team in 1921, which remained from 1910 to 1928 or guardian Elisha Scott, who spent two decades at the club, a record. On the side of the attack, we can see the record of 17 triplets directed by Gordon Hodgson in the years 1920 and 1930.
In the years 1960, Bill Shankly transformed the club into a European giant, with its "colossal" Ron Yeats and Roger Hunt's club top scorer in the league with 245 achievements and winner of the World Cup in 1966.
The transfers made by Bob Paisley in the 1970 and 1980 have played a key role in the success of the club. Thus, two Scots recruited in 1977 had a significant impact: Alan Hansen, winner of three European titles and Kenny Dalglish, Kenny King nicknamed by supporters, which becomes coach of Liverpool after his playing career. In 1980 Paisley recruits young Ian Rush who is still the best scorer in the history of the club.
More recently other players have made themselves known to Liverpool. In early 1990, Steve McManaman and Robbie Fowler and Michael Owen, Jamie Carragher and the current captain Steven Gerrard leaving the training centre of the club.
Read also Manchester United
wikipedia
Chelsea Football Club
(Bast)
Chelsea Football Club
Chelsea Football Club is a football club in London, finding themselves more precisely Fulham founded in 1905 currently operating in Premier League Championship in England football.
History
The beginnings: the birth of Chelsea FC is linked to the construction stage of Stamford Bridge. Following the refusal of Fulham to use this new forum in London, proponents of the stadium were forced to create their own club. They managed to convince the League to accept the candidacy of the club barely born, which conducted its debut in D2 championship on September 2, 1905 in Stockport. Stamford Bridge is cordially inaugurated two days later at a friendly match to face Liverpool. The rush is disappointing (4 000) as that recorded a week later for the debut of Blues at home in the league (6 000). However the good results helping, Chelsea has managed to build very quickly a very important basis of supporters. Since its third season of existence, Chelsea was the club record best affluences of the country.
The taste of the international
Chelsea has long been a club practicing the recruitment of foreign players. Indeed, when Gianluca Vialli was the coach, the club did not less than 13 different nationalities in its workforce, so that drives the heart of London should be done in Italian! Chelsea was the first English team to bring a starting eleven composed entirely of non-Britons, during the day championship on December 26, 1999.
Chelsea is also the second contingent french in England behind Arsenal FC since have succeeded Marcel Desailly, Franck Lebœuf, Emmanuel Petit, Didier Deschamps, William Gallas, Claude Makélélé, Bernard Lambourde, Lassana Diarra, Florent Malouda and Nicolas Anelka.
The money power
In 2003, the Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich bought the club then losing to Ken Bates for about 200 million euros. There then injected nearly 700 million euros. He gets the best players on the planet, and after the departure of Italian coach Claudio Ranieri, he brought the sulphur but talented coach of FC Porto (just winning the Champions League), José Mourinho who will start on 19 September 2007 evening after an early season poussif (officially because relations between José Mourinho and Roman Abramovich were at a standstill, the latter having hoped for a faux pas of his team to dismiss the Portuguese coach). Chelsea is now among the six clubs the richest in the world, with FC Barcelona, Juventus Turin, Real Madrid, Manchester United and AC Milan.
The birth of a great club
In 90 years, Chelsea stands out as a decidedly international team, practicing a game spectacular, but the club is also marked by its irregularity and remains an outsider. Great names of Football on the twilight of their career or players ready to bounce came to Chelsea (Gianfranco Zola, Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, Marcel Desailly). At that time, Chelsea is regarded as a team of mercenaries. Upon the arrival of Ranieri, Chelsea tries to buying big names in football to form a team, the bet will be won because almost complete seconds behind Arsenal FC. Yet Ranieri is thanked and arrive José Mourinho and Peter Kenyon to establish a true long-term plan to become a great club. Since 2005, therefore, Peter Kenyon to Chelsea can become a club of rich and powerful and especially dependent little by little the money Roman Abramovich. Thus in 2005, Samsung became the official sponsor of the club and in 2006 became the Adidas equipment. Chelsea have also built a full team under the auspices of José Mourinho. Recruitment is dispersed on two axes, great players and great hopes of football. Thus Claude Makélélé or more recently Florent Malouda, Michael Ballack, Andrei Shevchenko, Didier Drogba and Nicolas Anelka were among the big names in football to join Chelsea. And Arjen Robben, Joe Cole and Frank Lampard are among the very high expectations to the ranks of Blues. It reinforces their position as best club of English football by providing 2 championship titles in England in 2005 and 2006, plus 2 League Cup in 2005 and 2007 and a Cup in 2007.
Another proof that Chelsea is a big club: the record of invincibility (63 games) at home in the league who was beaten at the 1st day of the 2007-2008 season and a victory over Birmingham City. The number is now at 80 matches without defeat at home to the championship.
During the 2008 season, Chelsea was hoisted for the first time in its history in the finals of the Champions League by UEFA.
Chelsea and its supporters
In the pure English tradition, Chelsea is supported by a Kop important in England. But Chelsea is still serve poor child compared to other big clubs in England. The craze for Chelsea is far from that doomed for clubs like Manchester United, Liverpool FC, FC Arsenal or Newcastle United. Chelsea has the fifth influx of English football, and regularly attracts more than 40000 supporters a Stamford Brigde. The historical basis of supporters of Chelsea comes from the working classes of west London, Hammersmith or Battersea, or classes more affluent neighborhoods of Chelsea and Kensington. In recent years, Chelsea as Lyon found a new lease of life at the popularity, players and results caregiver. In the 70 and 80 years, Chelsea supporters were involved in hooliganism, and were known for their violence, like the supporters of West Ham United or Milwall. Some groups of supporters were close to the Nationalist Party English (British National Party). In France, the image of Chelsea is somewhat controversial. Few players french came to Chelsea as Arsenal. Chelsea is still not registered in the European charts as Liverpool and Manchester United. The number of supporters of Blues in France is low and scattered. Yet, every day their numbers are growing. In July 2006, like similar structures exist to supporters of Arsenal, Liverpool and Manchester, an association called "Chelsea Supporters France" is born. This is the first part of Chelsea supporters in France, which is on the verge of being recognized by the club.
Awards
* The UEFA Supercup (1):
o Winner: 1998.
* Europe Cup Winners' Cup (2):
o Winner: 1971 and 1998.
* Championship in England (3):
o Champion: 1955, 2005 and 2006.
o Vice-champion: 2004, 2007.
* Cup in England (4):
o Winner: 1970, 1997, 2000 and 2007.
o Finalist: 1915, 1967, 1994 and 2002.
* League Cup (4):
o Winner: 1965, 1998, 2005 and 2007.
o Finalist: 1972 and 2008.
* Championship in England from D2 (2):
o Champion: 1984 and 1989
o Vice-champion: 1907, 1912, 1930, 1963 and 1977.
* Charity Shield (3)
o Winner: 1955, 2000, 2005.
Read also Chelsea
wikipedia
Chelsea Football Club
Chelsea Football Club is a football club in London, finding themselves more precisely Fulham founded in 1905 currently operating in Premier League Championship in England football.
History
The beginnings: the birth of Chelsea FC is linked to the construction stage of Stamford Bridge. Following the refusal of Fulham to use this new forum in London, proponents of the stadium were forced to create their own club. They managed to convince the League to accept the candidacy of the club barely born, which conducted its debut in D2 championship on September 2, 1905 in Stockport. Stamford Bridge is cordially inaugurated two days later at a friendly match to face Liverpool. The rush is disappointing (4 000) as that recorded a week later for the debut of Blues at home in the league (6 000). However the good results helping, Chelsea has managed to build very quickly a very important basis of supporters. Since its third season of existence, Chelsea was the club record best affluences of the country.
The taste of the international
Chelsea has long been a club practicing the recruitment of foreign players. Indeed, when Gianluca Vialli was the coach, the club did not less than 13 different nationalities in its workforce, so that drives the heart of London should be done in Italian! Chelsea was the first English team to bring a starting eleven composed entirely of non-Britons, during the day championship on December 26, 1999.
Chelsea is also the second contingent french in England behind Arsenal FC since have succeeded Marcel Desailly, Franck Lebœuf, Emmanuel Petit, Didier Deschamps, William Gallas, Claude Makélélé, Bernard Lambourde, Lassana Diarra, Florent Malouda and Nicolas Anelka.
The money power
In 2003, the Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich bought the club then losing to Ken Bates for about 200 million euros. There then injected nearly 700 million euros. He gets the best players on the planet, and after the departure of Italian coach Claudio Ranieri, he brought the sulphur but talented coach of FC Porto (just winning the Champions League), José Mourinho who will start on 19 September 2007 evening after an early season poussif (officially because relations between José Mourinho and Roman Abramovich were at a standstill, the latter having hoped for a faux pas of his team to dismiss the Portuguese coach). Chelsea is now among the six clubs the richest in the world, with FC Barcelona, Juventus Turin, Real Madrid, Manchester United and AC Milan.
The birth of a great club
In 90 years, Chelsea stands out as a decidedly international team, practicing a game spectacular, but the club is also marked by its irregularity and remains an outsider. Great names of Football on the twilight of their career or players ready to bounce came to Chelsea (Gianfranco Zola, Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, Marcel Desailly). At that time, Chelsea is regarded as a team of mercenaries. Upon the arrival of Ranieri, Chelsea tries to buying big names in football to form a team, the bet will be won because almost complete seconds behind Arsenal FC. Yet Ranieri is thanked and arrive José Mourinho and Peter Kenyon to establish a true long-term plan to become a great club. Since 2005, therefore, Peter Kenyon to Chelsea can become a club of rich and powerful and especially dependent little by little the money Roman Abramovich. Thus in 2005, Samsung became the official sponsor of the club and in 2006 became the Adidas equipment. Chelsea have also built a full team under the auspices of José Mourinho. Recruitment is dispersed on two axes, great players and great hopes of football. Thus Claude Makélélé or more recently Florent Malouda, Michael Ballack, Andrei Shevchenko, Didier Drogba and Nicolas Anelka were among the big names in football to join Chelsea. And Arjen Robben, Joe Cole and Frank Lampard are among the very high expectations to the ranks of Blues. It reinforces their position as best club of English football by providing 2 championship titles in England in 2005 and 2006, plus 2 League Cup in 2005 and 2007 and a Cup in 2007.
Another proof that Chelsea is a big club: the record of invincibility (63 games) at home in the league who was beaten at the 1st day of the 2007-2008 season and a victory over Birmingham City. The number is now at 80 matches without defeat at home to the championship.
During the 2008 season, Chelsea was hoisted for the first time in its history in the finals of the Champions League by UEFA.
Chelsea and its supporters
In the pure English tradition, Chelsea is supported by a Kop important in England. But Chelsea is still serve poor child compared to other big clubs in England. The craze for Chelsea is far from that doomed for clubs like Manchester United, Liverpool FC, FC Arsenal or Newcastle United. Chelsea has the fifth influx of English football, and regularly attracts more than 40000 supporters a Stamford Brigde. The historical basis of supporters of Chelsea comes from the working classes of west London, Hammersmith or Battersea, or classes more affluent neighborhoods of Chelsea and Kensington. In recent years, Chelsea as Lyon found a new lease of life at the popularity, players and results caregiver. In the 70 and 80 years, Chelsea supporters were involved in hooliganism, and were known for their violence, like the supporters of West Ham United or Milwall. Some groups of supporters were close to the Nationalist Party English (British National Party). In France, the image of Chelsea is somewhat controversial. Few players french came to Chelsea as Arsenal. Chelsea is still not registered in the European charts as Liverpool and Manchester United. The number of supporters of Blues in France is low and scattered. Yet, every day their numbers are growing. In July 2006, like similar structures exist to supporters of Arsenal, Liverpool and Manchester, an association called "Chelsea Supporters France" is born. This is the first part of Chelsea supporters in France, which is on the verge of being recognized by the club.
Awards
* The UEFA Supercup (1):
o Winner: 1998.
* Europe Cup Winners' Cup (2):
o Winner: 1971 and 1998.
* Championship in England (3):
o Champion: 1955, 2005 and 2006.
o Vice-champion: 2004, 2007.
* Cup in England (4):
o Winner: 1970, 1997, 2000 and 2007.
o Finalist: 1915, 1967, 1994 and 2002.
* League Cup (4):
o Winner: 1965, 1998, 2005 and 2007.
o Finalist: 1972 and 2008.
* Championship in England from D2 (2):
o Champion: 1984 and 1989
o Vice-champion: 1907, 1912, 1930, 1963 and 1977.
* Charity Shield (3)
o Winner: 1955, 2000, 2005.
Read also Chelsea
wikipedia
Manchester United Football Club
(Best)
Manchester United Football Club
Manchester United Football Club is an English football club founded in 1878 currently operating in Premier League.
It is one of the most popular clubs in the world and won the championship in England to sixteen times (which is less than Liverpool FC who won 18 times). The club has also won England eleven Cups, two League Cups English, two Champions Leagues, a Cup of Cups, an Intercontinental Cup and the UEFA Supercup.
His coach is Sir Alex Ferguson since 1986 and team captain Ryan Giggs is now.
The beginnings (1878-1945)
Under the name "Newton Heath LYR F.C. ". It is a corporate team of the railway Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway.
The club made a name locally and wants to climb league. It will be accepted until the third request in 1892 but learning is difficult with a raid in 1898 to the second division while Manchester City won his first title.
After some difficult years, the club finally gaining financial power through a brewer, John Henry Davies, to move forward with new players and a new direction. The decision to change one's name is then taken: Manchester Central is proposed as well as Manchester Celtic, the two proposals were rejected for the name to become famous around the world in 1902, Newton Heath officially became Manchester United Football Club. In addition, it abandons the green and gold Newton Heath for red and white.
J. Ernest Mangnall leads the team at that time which was part Turnbull, Bannister, Burgess and Charlie Roberts. Since 1908, MU received his first Championship title and win the FA Cup in 1909, beating Bristol City 1-0. It was a good period for the supporters who were entitled to a new stage. The club moved to Old Trafford (today known as the Theatre of Dreams).
The years 1920 and 1930 were years of difficult decades for MU. The club falls D2 in 1922, is struggling to maintain it has stayed stable in the soft belly of this championship D2. In 1927, is a mini-crisis, the fans threaten to boycott the club. To cope with the crisis, the possibility of selling the stadium is even under consideration, and the same year, the arrival of a businessman James Gibson sponge debt of £ 2 000 and takes control of the club.
But the sporting miracle does not occur despite hiring a new coach, Scott Duncan and in 1934 plunged the club into the D3. Dos the wall, MU faces Millwall FC on May 5 while on the other side, Manchester City, the club rival still qualifies for the finals of the FA Cup thanks to a certain Matt Busby.
MU is the lift and eventually back to First Division in 1939, when the war begins. During the war, Old Trafford was bombed and lies in ruins.
The years of Busby (1945-1969)
In 1945, Matt Busby arrive. He was innovative in its strategy by deciding the recruitment of new players and manager training and s'entoura an assistant: Jimmy Murphy. The first years of Busby are a success in reaching the position of vice-champion and the FA Cup victory in 1948, thanks to players of the coin: Stan Pearson, Jack Rowley and Charlie Mitten and Allenby Chilton.
Charlie Mitten share in Colombia, but his former teammates win the championship in 1952. However, Busby understands that the team needs more experience and he opts for youth. The policy takes time to produce positive results, but they return to the championship in 1956 with a team where the average age is 22 years, scoring 103 goals, a record Manchester United. The success of young people is symbolized by Duncan Edwards, which made its debut in 16 years. The following season, 1956-57, the club win the championship again, but lost in the finals of the Cup against England Aston Villa. Manchester United also became the first English club to participate in the Europe Cup club champions, against the will of the federation of England and lost against Real Madrid in the semi-finals. Previously, MU achieves its broadest score by beating European champions of Belgium RSC Anderlecht 10-0 at Maine Road.
The following year, the club has one of the greatest tragedies in its history. On 6 February 1958, eight players were killed in the Munich air crash: Geoff Bent, Roger Byrne, Eddie Colman, Duncan Edwards, Mark Jones, David Pegg, Tommy Taylor and Liam "Billy" Whelan - and fifteen others wounded: Walter Crickmer, Bert Whalley and Tom Curry, coaches, are among them. The goalkeeper Harry Gregg save Bobby Charlton and Dennis Viollet by dragging them to the door of the plane, Johnny Berry also survived the accident, but he will be retiring sports because of his injuries and Matt Busby spend two months hospital.
The same year, plays Manchester United in Cup final in England, but lost against Bolton Wanderers. UEFA gives Manchester United the chance to play the European Cup the following season, but the french federation refuses. MU vice-champion finished the season with a team decimated by the disaster of Munich.
Busby rebuilt his team during the years 1960, recruitment of new players like Denis Law and Pat Crerand, and trusting a new youth whose most famous is George Best. MU won the Cup in England in 1963, but finished nineteenth championship. However, in 1964 the club found the top ranking by reaching the second place and won in 1965 and 1967. MU won the Cup in Europe club champions in 1968, flying the SL Benfica of Eusebio 4-1 in the finals after extension, becoming the first English club to win this competition. The team contains three winners of the golden ball: Bobby Charlton, Denis Law and George Best. Matt Busby retired in 1969 and Wilf McGuinness replaces.
The years without a championship (1969-1986)
MU is then rebuilt after the departure of Matt Busby and with Wilf McGuinness in 1969-70, finishing eighth in the league, and after a poor start in 1970-71, McGuinness landed east of the first team and attends the reserve Busby and returned for a freelance six months. The result is improving under Busby, but he left during the summer of 1971. Hence, MU loses some of its best players, like Nobby Stiles and Pat Crerand.
Jock Stein, who led Celtic to victory in Europe Cup, accepted the job of coach in Manchester, but it will be returned and Frank O'Farrell replaces. However, as McGuinness, O'Farrell stayed 18 months, the only difference between the two is the reaction of O'Farrell by purchasing new players, like Martin Buchan Aberdeen pay £ 125000. In 1972, Tommy Docherty (nicknamed "the Doc") and saves becomes coach of the MU relegation this season but was not able to escape in 1974 after the departures of Best, Law and Charlton. Denis Law moved to Manchester City in summer 1973, and marks a goal that will result from his former club réléguer MU. Players like Lou Macari, Stuart Houston and Brian Greenhoff try to replace Best, Law and Charlton without success.
The team immediately began with the young Steve Coppell is happening at Tranmere Rovers and with him the club reached the FA Cup Final England in 1976 (lost against Southampton FC). The club reached the finals again in 1977 and beating Liverpool FC. Despite this success and its popularity with fans, Docherty is returned immediately after the finals because of an affair with the wife of physiothérapiste.
Dave Sexton replaces Docherty in 1977 and sets up a defensive play, unpopular because of past club advocating Docherty and Busby in a game offensive. The transfers are major Joe Jordan, Gordon McQueen, Gary Bailey and Ray Wilkins, but MU still in the soft belly of the championship and Sexton is returned in 1981, although it wins its last seven games.
Ron Atkinson arrived at the club and immediately beats the British transfer record by buying Bryan Robson, who is supposed to be the best environment since Duncan Edwards. The team also contains Atkinson Jesper Olsen, Paul McGrath and Gordon Strachan and the players trained at the club Norman Whiteside and Mark Hughes. MU won the Cup in England in 1985, after having lost in the finals in 1983, and it becomes favorite to win the championship in 1986 after ten victories during the first ten matches, MU does eventually the fourth. After a bad start next year, Atkinson is returned before the end of the season.
The era of Alex Ferguson, pre-tripled (1986-1998)
Alex Ferguson arrived from Aberdeen FC to replace Atkinson and leads the club at the eleventh place. The following season in 1988, eventually MU vice-champion, with Brian McClair who becomes the first player since George Best to score 20 goals in a championship season.
However, MU is the penalty the following two seasons. Alex Ferguson is about to be returned in 1990 but will be saved by a goal by Mark Robins giving MU a victory in the third round of the FA Cup England against Nottingham Forest. The team continues to win and won the Cup against Crystal Palace.
MU won the Europe Cup Winners Cup in 1991, beating the champions of Spain's FC Barcelona in the final. In lack of form next season, the club finish in second place in the championship behind Leeds United. In 1991, the club goes for a scholarship worth £ 47 million.
The arrival of Éric Cantona in November 1992 gives hope to the club, and the experience of Gary Pallister, Denis Irwin and Paul Ince and youth trained at the club as Ryan Giggs. Manchester United won the championship in 1993 for the first time since 1967, and directed the doubled-cutting championship for the first time the following season, helped by its new player Roy Keane, a middle determined come to Nottingham Forest and will become the master. However, the same year, the club plunged into depression after the death of its legendary coach and president Matt Busby, who died on January 20, 1994.
In 1995, Cantona was banned land for eight months after a kick on a Crystal Palace supporter Matthew Simmons, who had sent Cantona racial insults during a match at Selhurst Park. MU lost FA Cup Final against England Everton FC. Ferguson created a controversy by selling its key players and replacing them with young people, like David Beckham, Nicky Butt, Gary Neville, Phil Neville and Paul Scholes, but these new surprising many experts and MU achieves twice in 1996. This was the first time an English club achieves doubled twice.
The club won the championship in 1997 and Éric Cantona announces its withdrawal of football in 30 years. In 1998, MU finished second behind Arsenal FC.
The tripled (1998-1999)
The 1998-1999 season from Manchester United is the most successful in the history of English football since he became the first club to win both the league, FA Cup and England the Champions League. The club won the championship at the last day by beating Tottenham Hotspur 2-1, while qu'Arsenal despite its 1-0 victory at Aston Villa face terminates at a point. In FA Cup Final England, MU beat Newcastle United 2-0 thanks to goals from Teddy Sheringham and Paul Scholes. Finally, in the finals of the Champions League, mancuniens beat Bayern Munich having been carried out from 1-0 before the 6th minute to equalize and take the advantage in the judgments game of the second period. On 30 November 1999, they also won the Intercontinental Cup by beating the SE Palmeiras 1-0 in Tokyo.
After tripled (1999)
Manchester United easily win the championship in 2000 and 2001, with 18 points and 10 points ahead of Arsenal but failed twice in the quarter fnale of the Champions League. In 2000 founded the Manchester G 14 with thirteen other major European clubs . Ferguson takes a more defensive tactics in 2002 to win the Champions League, but it jeopardizes the chances of the team at the national level who finishes in third place. After another victory in the championship in 2003, David Beckham is transferred to Real Madrid after an argument in the locker room with Alex Ferguson. In 2004, Rio Ferdinand was suspended eight months for having avoided a doping control . The mancuniens yet win the cup in England by beating Millwall 3-0 in the final.
In 2005, Manchester United brand fewer goals than the previous seasons and not won any trophy, losing in particular the FA Cup Final England to fire the goals to face Arsenal. Outside the field, the club was bought by the owner of Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Malcolm Glazer. MU started the season poorly in 2006, the emblematic middle Roy Keane left the club after publicly criticized some young players. The club does not qualify for the second round of the Champions League for the first time in a decade. However, a return to traditional tactics (4-4-2) by Manchester United saw the club finish the season well and win the League Cup by beating French Wigan 4-0. At the end of the season, striker Ruud van Nistelrooy after a hand blurs with Alex Ferguson. In 2007, Manchester won the championship thanks to an offensive football scoring 20 goals more than Chelsea FC who finished second. Hopes of a new tripled are destroyed when AC Milan eliminated in the semi-finals of the Champions League before Chelsea won the FA Cup by beating England 1-0 United.
Read also Manutd.com
Manchester United Football Club
Manchester United Football Club is an English football club founded in 1878 currently operating in Premier League.
It is one of the most popular clubs in the world and won the championship in England to sixteen times (which is less than Liverpool FC who won 18 times). The club has also won England eleven Cups, two League Cups English, two Champions Leagues, a Cup of Cups, an Intercontinental Cup and the UEFA Supercup.
His coach is Sir Alex Ferguson since 1986 and team captain Ryan Giggs is now.
The beginnings (1878-1945)
Under the name "Newton Heath LYR F.C. ". It is a corporate team of the railway Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway.
The club made a name locally and wants to climb league. It will be accepted until the third request in 1892 but learning is difficult with a raid in 1898 to the second division while Manchester City won his first title.
After some difficult years, the club finally gaining financial power through a brewer, John Henry Davies, to move forward with new players and a new direction. The decision to change one's name is then taken: Manchester Central is proposed as well as Manchester Celtic, the two proposals were rejected for the name to become famous around the world in 1902, Newton Heath officially became Manchester United Football Club. In addition, it abandons the green and gold Newton Heath for red and white.
J. Ernest Mangnall leads the team at that time which was part Turnbull, Bannister, Burgess and Charlie Roberts. Since 1908, MU received his first Championship title and win the FA Cup in 1909, beating Bristol City 1-0. It was a good period for the supporters who were entitled to a new stage. The club moved to Old Trafford (today known as the Theatre of Dreams).
The years 1920 and 1930 were years of difficult decades for MU. The club falls D2 in 1922, is struggling to maintain it has stayed stable in the soft belly of this championship D2. In 1927, is a mini-crisis, the fans threaten to boycott the club. To cope with the crisis, the possibility of selling the stadium is even under consideration, and the same year, the arrival of a businessman James Gibson sponge debt of £ 2 000 and takes control of the club.
But the sporting miracle does not occur despite hiring a new coach, Scott Duncan and in 1934 plunged the club into the D3. Dos the wall, MU faces Millwall FC on May 5 while on the other side, Manchester City, the club rival still qualifies for the finals of the FA Cup thanks to a certain Matt Busby.
MU is the lift and eventually back to First Division in 1939, when the war begins. During the war, Old Trafford was bombed and lies in ruins.
The years of Busby (1945-1969)
In 1945, Matt Busby arrive. He was innovative in its strategy by deciding the recruitment of new players and manager training and s'entoura an assistant: Jimmy Murphy. The first years of Busby are a success in reaching the position of vice-champion and the FA Cup victory in 1948, thanks to players of the coin: Stan Pearson, Jack Rowley and Charlie Mitten and Allenby Chilton.
Charlie Mitten share in Colombia, but his former teammates win the championship in 1952. However, Busby understands that the team needs more experience and he opts for youth. The policy takes time to produce positive results, but they return to the championship in 1956 with a team where the average age is 22 years, scoring 103 goals, a record Manchester United. The success of young people is symbolized by Duncan Edwards, which made its debut in 16 years. The following season, 1956-57, the club win the championship again, but lost in the finals of the Cup against England Aston Villa. Manchester United also became the first English club to participate in the Europe Cup club champions, against the will of the federation of England and lost against Real Madrid in the semi-finals. Previously, MU achieves its broadest score by beating European champions of Belgium RSC Anderlecht 10-0 at Maine Road.
The following year, the club has one of the greatest tragedies in its history. On 6 February 1958, eight players were killed in the Munich air crash: Geoff Bent, Roger Byrne, Eddie Colman, Duncan Edwards, Mark Jones, David Pegg, Tommy Taylor and Liam "Billy" Whelan - and fifteen others wounded: Walter Crickmer, Bert Whalley and Tom Curry, coaches, are among them. The goalkeeper Harry Gregg save Bobby Charlton and Dennis Viollet by dragging them to the door of the plane, Johnny Berry also survived the accident, but he will be retiring sports because of his injuries and Matt Busby spend two months hospital.
The same year, plays Manchester United in Cup final in England, but lost against Bolton Wanderers. UEFA gives Manchester United the chance to play the European Cup the following season, but the french federation refuses. MU vice-champion finished the season with a team decimated by the disaster of Munich.
Busby rebuilt his team during the years 1960, recruitment of new players like Denis Law and Pat Crerand, and trusting a new youth whose most famous is George Best. MU won the Cup in England in 1963, but finished nineteenth championship. However, in 1964 the club found the top ranking by reaching the second place and won in 1965 and 1967. MU won the Cup in Europe club champions in 1968, flying the SL Benfica of Eusebio 4-1 in the finals after extension, becoming the first English club to win this competition. The team contains three winners of the golden ball: Bobby Charlton, Denis Law and George Best. Matt Busby retired in 1969 and Wilf McGuinness replaces.
The years without a championship (1969-1986)
MU is then rebuilt after the departure of Matt Busby and with Wilf McGuinness in 1969-70, finishing eighth in the league, and after a poor start in 1970-71, McGuinness landed east of the first team and attends the reserve Busby and returned for a freelance six months. The result is improving under Busby, but he left during the summer of 1971. Hence, MU loses some of its best players, like Nobby Stiles and Pat Crerand.
Jock Stein, who led Celtic to victory in Europe Cup, accepted the job of coach in Manchester, but it will be returned and Frank O'Farrell replaces. However, as McGuinness, O'Farrell stayed 18 months, the only difference between the two is the reaction of O'Farrell by purchasing new players, like Martin Buchan Aberdeen pay £ 125000. In 1972, Tommy Docherty (nicknamed "the Doc") and saves becomes coach of the MU relegation this season but was not able to escape in 1974 after the departures of Best, Law and Charlton. Denis Law moved to Manchester City in summer 1973, and marks a goal that will result from his former club réléguer MU. Players like Lou Macari, Stuart Houston and Brian Greenhoff try to replace Best, Law and Charlton without success.
The team immediately began with the young Steve Coppell is happening at Tranmere Rovers and with him the club reached the FA Cup Final England in 1976 (lost against Southampton FC). The club reached the finals again in 1977 and beating Liverpool FC. Despite this success and its popularity with fans, Docherty is returned immediately after the finals because of an affair with the wife of physiothérapiste.
Dave Sexton replaces Docherty in 1977 and sets up a defensive play, unpopular because of past club advocating Docherty and Busby in a game offensive. The transfers are major Joe Jordan, Gordon McQueen, Gary Bailey and Ray Wilkins, but MU still in the soft belly of the championship and Sexton is returned in 1981, although it wins its last seven games.
Ron Atkinson arrived at the club and immediately beats the British transfer record by buying Bryan Robson, who is supposed to be the best environment since Duncan Edwards. The team also contains Atkinson Jesper Olsen, Paul McGrath and Gordon Strachan and the players trained at the club Norman Whiteside and Mark Hughes. MU won the Cup in England in 1985, after having lost in the finals in 1983, and it becomes favorite to win the championship in 1986 after ten victories during the first ten matches, MU does eventually the fourth. After a bad start next year, Atkinson is returned before the end of the season.
The era of Alex Ferguson, pre-tripled (1986-1998)
Alex Ferguson arrived from Aberdeen FC to replace Atkinson and leads the club at the eleventh place. The following season in 1988, eventually MU vice-champion, with Brian McClair who becomes the first player since George Best to score 20 goals in a championship season.
However, MU is the penalty the following two seasons. Alex Ferguson is about to be returned in 1990 but will be saved by a goal by Mark Robins giving MU a victory in the third round of the FA Cup England against Nottingham Forest. The team continues to win and won the Cup against Crystal Palace.
MU won the Europe Cup Winners Cup in 1991, beating the champions of Spain's FC Barcelona in the final. In lack of form next season, the club finish in second place in the championship behind Leeds United. In 1991, the club goes for a scholarship worth £ 47 million.
The arrival of Éric Cantona in November 1992 gives hope to the club, and the experience of Gary Pallister, Denis Irwin and Paul Ince and youth trained at the club as Ryan Giggs. Manchester United won the championship in 1993 for the first time since 1967, and directed the doubled-cutting championship for the first time the following season, helped by its new player Roy Keane, a middle determined come to Nottingham Forest and will become the master. However, the same year, the club plunged into depression after the death of its legendary coach and president Matt Busby, who died on January 20, 1994.
In 1995, Cantona was banned land for eight months after a kick on a Crystal Palace supporter Matthew Simmons, who had sent Cantona racial insults during a match at Selhurst Park. MU lost FA Cup Final against England Everton FC. Ferguson created a controversy by selling its key players and replacing them with young people, like David Beckham, Nicky Butt, Gary Neville, Phil Neville and Paul Scholes, but these new surprising many experts and MU achieves twice in 1996. This was the first time an English club achieves doubled twice.
The club won the championship in 1997 and Éric Cantona announces its withdrawal of football in 30 years. In 1998, MU finished second behind Arsenal FC.
The tripled (1998-1999)
The 1998-1999 season from Manchester United is the most successful in the history of English football since he became the first club to win both the league, FA Cup and England the Champions League. The club won the championship at the last day by beating Tottenham Hotspur 2-1, while qu'Arsenal despite its 1-0 victory at Aston Villa face terminates at a point. In FA Cup Final England, MU beat Newcastle United 2-0 thanks to goals from Teddy Sheringham and Paul Scholes. Finally, in the finals of the Champions League, mancuniens beat Bayern Munich having been carried out from 1-0 before the 6th minute to equalize and take the advantage in the judgments game of the second period. On 30 November 1999, they also won the Intercontinental Cup by beating the SE Palmeiras 1-0 in Tokyo.
After tripled (1999)
Manchester United easily win the championship in 2000 and 2001, with 18 points and 10 points ahead of Arsenal but failed twice in the quarter fnale of the Champions League. In 2000 founded the Manchester G 14 with thirteen other major European clubs . Ferguson takes a more defensive tactics in 2002 to win the Champions League, but it jeopardizes the chances of the team at the national level who finishes in third place. After another victory in the championship in 2003, David Beckham is transferred to Real Madrid after an argument in the locker room with Alex Ferguson. In 2004, Rio Ferdinand was suspended eight months for having avoided a doping control . The mancuniens yet win the cup in England by beating Millwall 3-0 in the final.
In 2005, Manchester United brand fewer goals than the previous seasons and not won any trophy, losing in particular the FA Cup Final England to fire the goals to face Arsenal. Outside the field, the club was bought by the owner of Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Malcolm Glazer. MU started the season poorly in 2006, the emblematic middle Roy Keane left the club after publicly criticized some young players. The club does not qualify for the second round of the Champions League for the first time in a decade. However, a return to traditional tactics (4-4-2) by Manchester United saw the club finish the season well and win the League Cup by beating French Wigan 4-0. At the end of the season, striker Ruud van Nistelrooy after a hand blurs with Alex Ferguson. In 2007, Manchester won the championship thanks to an offensive football scoring 20 goals more than Chelsea FC who finished second. Hopes of a new tripled are destroyed when AC Milan eliminated in the semi-finals of the Champions League before Chelsea won the FA Cup by beating England 1-0 United.
Read also Manutd.com
Volleyball
(Bast)
Volleyball
The volleyball is a team sport involving two teams of six players separated by a net, which clash with a ball on a rectangular field. With 260 million followers, it is one of the most popular sports in the world.
Origins
Volleyball was invented on February 9, 1895 the USA by a physical education teacher from a YMCA in Holyoke in Massachusetts, William G. Morgan (1870-1942) to occupy the athletes during the winter. It is based on both the basketball and tennis also was born the "mintonette" on December 2, 1895. Another sports hall, basketball was invented just ten miles (sixteen kilometers) farther in the city of Springfield (Massachusetts), only four years ago. The mintonette had to be a sports hall less violent than basketball, for the older members of the YMCA, while still requiring a minimum of physical effort.
The first rules, written by William G. Morgan, together constituted a net 1.98 m high, a field of 7, 6 by 15.2 m, and an unlimited number of players. A match was composed of nine rounds with three for each team in each round, with a number of contacts with the ball unlimited for each team before its return to the opponent. In case of a service error, a second trial was allowed. The fact hitting the ball in the net was considered a mistake (with the loss of point or a time-killing) unless it happens at the first attempt of service [ref. necessary].
After watching this sport, Alfred Halstead, noticed the nature of "stolen" in the game's first exhibition match in 1896. Performed at the International YMCA Training School (now known as Springfield College), the game was soon known as volleyball (it was originally spelled as two words: "volley ball"). The rules of volleyball were slightly altered by the YMCA International Training School and the spread of the game in the YMCA different.
Raffinements and development last
The first official ball used in volleyball is contested, several sources say that Spalding has created the first official ball in 1896. The rules have evolved over time. In 1916, address and the power of the game and the attack is introduced, and four years later, the rule of the three keys is introduced. In 1917, set from 21 to 15 points. In 1919, approximately 16 000 balls volleyball are distributed by the American Expeditionary Forces to their troops and their allies, raising the growth of volleyball in new countries.
The first country outside the United States to adopt volleyball is Canada in 1900. An international federation, the Federation Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), was founded in 1947, and the first world championship is dyed in 1949 for men and 1952 for women. The sport has become popular in Brazil, Europe (teams Italy, the Netherlands and the countries of Eastern Europe are leading teams since the late 1980), Russia , And other countries including China and the rest of Asia, as well as the United States.
The beach volleyball, a variation of the game played on sand with only two players per team, includes the FIVB in 1987 and became an Olympic sport in the games of 1996.
Volleyball at Olympics
The history of volleyball at the Olympic Games back to the Summer Olympics 1924 in Paris, where volleyball is played under a demonstration event in American sports [9]. After the founding of the FIVB and some continental confederations, he began to be considered for inclusion official. In 1957, a special tournament is being held at the 53rd session of the IOC in Sofia (Bulgaria), to support such a request. The competition is a success and the sport is officially included in the programme for the Summer Olympics 1964. The tournament volleyball Olympic was originally a simple competition, whose format is parrallèle that always used in the World Cup: all teams play one against the other team and then classified by victories, the average set, and the average point. A disadvantage of this system of round-robin is that medal winners could be determined before the end of games, producing a loss of hearing for the outcome of matches remaining. To change this situation, the competition consisted of two phases with the addition of a "final round", an elimination tournament consisting of the quarter-finals, the semi-finals and finals in 1972. The number of teams involved in the Olympic tournament has grown steadily since 1964. Since 1996, events for men and women are twelve nations participating. Each of the five confederations volleyball Continental has at least one national federation affiliated involved in the Olympic Games.
The USSR won two gold medals in the men's competition in 1964 and 1968. After winning the bronze in 1964 and silver in 1968, Japan finally wins gold for boys in 1972. Among women, gold has returned to Japan in 1964, which reproduces the same performance in 1976. The same year, the introduction of a new offensive address, allowed Poland to win the men's competition on the Soviets in a very tight match five sets. Since the strongest teams in the volleyball men at that time belonged to the East, the U.S. boycott had no effect on these large events it had on the women's competition. The USSR won their second case Olympic title in men beating Bulgaria in the final 3 sets to 1 (same result for the women's team who won their third title). With the boycott of the USSR to the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, the United States swept Brazil in the finals for the gold medal of men. The Italy won its first medal (bronze in boys) in 1984.
In games of 1988, Karch Kiraly and Steve Timmons lead usa a second Olympic title in a row after that of 1984. In 1992, Brazil thwarts the Netherlands and Italy in the men's competition to win their first gold medal. Second, the Netherlands, medaillé money men in 1992, returning to being taken by their leaders, Ron Zwerver and Olof van der Meulen games of 1996 for a five-sets match when he beat Italy and won the tournament. Médaliste bronze male in 1996, Serbia and Montenegro (playing in 1996 and 2000 as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) beat Russia in the finals in 2000, winning their first gold medal. In 2004, Brazil won a second Olympic title when he beat male Italy in the final.
Hardware
The necessary equipment consists of the following:
* 2 posts;
* 1 fillet;
* 2 mires;
* 1 ball;
* 1 field.
Terrain
The volleyball is practiced mostly in the conference room. The field has a rectangular shape of 18 meters long and 9 meters wide. The lines of demarcation are inside the ground. A central line spans the net over the entire width of the field and separates the two camps. A line of attack is painted on the ground in each half field, 3 metres of the net, it is commonly called "line of 3 metres."
The dimensions of volleyball vary depending on the category of players.
Ballon
The ball volleyball is more flexible and lighter than that of football. It must have a circumference between 65 and 67 cm, a mass of between 260 and 280 g and a pressure between 0.30 and 0325 kg ∙ cm-2. Since 1978, to reduce the playing time, three balls are used at national and international meetings. No more wasted time to retrieve the service, since four collectors balls are placed around the ground. This system has resulted in a decrease of approximately 20% of the time on Thursday.
Rules of the game
Points are scored by either dropped the ball on the ground of the opposing team, either when the opponent commits a foul. The first team to reach 25 points wins the set and the first team to win three sets wins the match. Each team can hit the ball up three times before the ball does retraverse the net, and consecutive contacts must be made by different players. The ball is usually played with the hands or arms, but the players have the right to touch the ball with any other body part.
Read also Volleyball
wikipedia
Volleyball
The volleyball is a team sport involving two teams of six players separated by a net, which clash with a ball on a rectangular field. With 260 million followers, it is one of the most popular sports in the world.
Origins
Volleyball was invented on February 9, 1895 the USA by a physical education teacher from a YMCA in Holyoke in Massachusetts, William G. Morgan (1870-1942) to occupy the athletes during the winter. It is based on both the basketball and tennis also was born the "mintonette" on December 2, 1895. Another sports hall, basketball was invented just ten miles (sixteen kilometers) farther in the city of Springfield (Massachusetts), only four years ago. The mintonette had to be a sports hall less violent than basketball, for the older members of the YMCA, while still requiring a minimum of physical effort.
The first rules, written by William G. Morgan, together constituted a net 1.98 m high, a field of 7, 6 by 15.2 m, and an unlimited number of players. A match was composed of nine rounds with three for each team in each round, with a number of contacts with the ball unlimited for each team before its return to the opponent. In case of a service error, a second trial was allowed. The fact hitting the ball in the net was considered a mistake (with the loss of point or a time-killing) unless it happens at the first attempt of service [ref. necessary].
After watching this sport, Alfred Halstead, noticed the nature of "stolen" in the game's first exhibition match in 1896. Performed at the International YMCA Training School (now known as Springfield College), the game was soon known as volleyball (it was originally spelled as two words: "volley ball"). The rules of volleyball were slightly altered by the YMCA International Training School and the spread of the game in the YMCA different.
Raffinements and development last
The first official ball used in volleyball is contested, several sources say that Spalding has created the first official ball in 1896. The rules have evolved over time. In 1916, address and the power of the game and the attack is introduced, and four years later, the rule of the three keys is introduced. In 1917, set from 21 to 15 points. In 1919, approximately 16 000 balls volleyball are distributed by the American Expeditionary Forces to their troops and their allies, raising the growth of volleyball in new countries.
The first country outside the United States to adopt volleyball is Canada in 1900. An international federation, the Federation Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), was founded in 1947, and the first world championship is dyed in 1949 for men and 1952 for women. The sport has become popular in Brazil, Europe (teams Italy, the Netherlands and the countries of Eastern Europe are leading teams since the late 1980), Russia , And other countries including China and the rest of Asia, as well as the United States.
The beach volleyball, a variation of the game played on sand with only two players per team, includes the FIVB in 1987 and became an Olympic sport in the games of 1996.
Volleyball at Olympics
The history of volleyball at the Olympic Games back to the Summer Olympics 1924 in Paris, where volleyball is played under a demonstration event in American sports [9]. After the founding of the FIVB and some continental confederations, he began to be considered for inclusion official. In 1957, a special tournament is being held at the 53rd session of the IOC in Sofia (Bulgaria), to support such a request. The competition is a success and the sport is officially included in the programme for the Summer Olympics 1964. The tournament volleyball Olympic was originally a simple competition, whose format is parrallèle that always used in the World Cup: all teams play one against the other team and then classified by victories, the average set, and the average point. A disadvantage of this system of round-robin is that medal winners could be determined before the end of games, producing a loss of hearing for the outcome of matches remaining. To change this situation, the competition consisted of two phases with the addition of a "final round", an elimination tournament consisting of the quarter-finals, the semi-finals and finals in 1972. The number of teams involved in the Olympic tournament has grown steadily since 1964. Since 1996, events for men and women are twelve nations participating. Each of the five confederations volleyball Continental has at least one national federation affiliated involved in the Olympic Games.
The USSR won two gold medals in the men's competition in 1964 and 1968. After winning the bronze in 1964 and silver in 1968, Japan finally wins gold for boys in 1972. Among women, gold has returned to Japan in 1964, which reproduces the same performance in 1976. The same year, the introduction of a new offensive address, allowed Poland to win the men's competition on the Soviets in a very tight match five sets. Since the strongest teams in the volleyball men at that time belonged to the East, the U.S. boycott had no effect on these large events it had on the women's competition. The USSR won their second case Olympic title in men beating Bulgaria in the final 3 sets to 1 (same result for the women's team who won their third title). With the boycott of the USSR to the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, the United States swept Brazil in the finals for the gold medal of men. The Italy won its first medal (bronze in boys) in 1984.
In games of 1988, Karch Kiraly and Steve Timmons lead usa a second Olympic title in a row after that of 1984. In 1992, Brazil thwarts the Netherlands and Italy in the men's competition to win their first gold medal. Second, the Netherlands, medaillé money men in 1992, returning to being taken by their leaders, Ron Zwerver and Olof van der Meulen games of 1996 for a five-sets match when he beat Italy and won the tournament. Médaliste bronze male in 1996, Serbia and Montenegro (playing in 1996 and 2000 as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) beat Russia in the finals in 2000, winning their first gold medal. In 2004, Brazil won a second Olympic title when he beat male Italy in the final.
Hardware
The necessary equipment consists of the following:
* 2 posts;
* 1 fillet;
* 2 mires;
* 1 ball;
* 1 field.
Terrain
The volleyball is practiced mostly in the conference room. The field has a rectangular shape of 18 meters long and 9 meters wide. The lines of demarcation are inside the ground. A central line spans the net over the entire width of the field and separates the two camps. A line of attack is painted on the ground in each half field, 3 metres of the net, it is commonly called "line of 3 metres."
The dimensions of volleyball vary depending on the category of players.
Ballon
The ball volleyball is more flexible and lighter than that of football. It must have a circumference between 65 and 67 cm, a mass of between 260 and 280 g and a pressure between 0.30 and 0325 kg ∙ cm-2. Since 1978, to reduce the playing time, three balls are used at national and international meetings. No more wasted time to retrieve the service, since four collectors balls are placed around the ground. This system has resulted in a decrease of approximately 20% of the time on Thursday.
Rules of the game
Points are scored by either dropped the ball on the ground of the opposing team, either when the opponent commits a foul. The first team to reach 25 points wins the set and the first team to win three sets wins the match. Each team can hit the ball up three times before the ball does retraverse the net, and consecutive contacts must be made by different players. The ball is usually played with the hands or arms, but the players have the right to touch the ball with any other body part.
Read also Volleyball
wikipedia
Renault F1 Team
(Bast)
Renault F1 Team
The Renault F1 Team (officially ING Renault F1 Team named after the title sponsor of the team) is a Formula 1 racing team, owned by the french carmaker Renault. The team began in Formula 1 in 1977, before withdrawing from the world championship at the end of 1985, Renault preferring to stick to a simple role of engine. Renault has made his return as a chassis builder in 2002 following the acquisition of the Benetton Formula team reached two years earlier. This return has been marked by two world titles manufacturers in 2005 and 2006 and by the two titles of World Champion drivers Fernando Alonso.
The start
Renault is present in automobile competition for over a century. This is a Renault who won the first Grand Prix history, in 1906 (Grand Prix de l'ACF). Before that date, it will signal victory for Louis Renault in a Renault in 1899 on the Paris-Ostend. In 1900, Louis Renault wins Paris-Toulouse-Paris. In 1901, three Renault finish the first three places of the Paris-Bordeaux race.
Louis Renault stops the competition in 1903 following the death of his brother Marcel Renault in the race Paris-Madrid, stopped in Bordeaux because of the number of fatal accidents. The Renault cars line up, however, the first Grand Prix de France triumph in 1906 when the French Hungarian-born Ferenc Szisz. In 1907, Szisz must be content with second place behind Fiat de Felice Nazzaro. However disappointing results at the Grand Prix de France 1908: Szisz abandoned on broken wheel, Serguey Dimitriewich finish eighth and fifteenth Gustave Caillois. After this failure, Renault withdrew from the competition cars.
The debut in Formula 1
Renault expects 1977 to join the Formula 1. Vehicles of the diamond mark made their appearance in mid-season at the GP of Great Britain are revolutionary: they are equipped with a turbo, under an equivalency limiting the engine capacity to french 1 500 cc (against 3 000 cc to competition). The development of the engine turbo inevitably cause some setbacks in the first Grand Prix, with the number of dropouts who are taunting the competition. The Renault east and affublée by the British from the unflattering sobriquet of Yellow Tea Pot (the teapot yellow) in reference to his tendency to complete its courses in a cloud of smoke. Jean-Pierre Jabouille is the pilot of the single yellow car on the grid in 1977 and 1978. During this second season, the turbo engine's reliability is improving and stable harvest its first points.
Starting from 1979, Renault now aligns two cars in Grand Prix and Rene Arnoux joined Jean-Pierre Jabouille. After signing a pole position in South Africa, Jabouille won the Grand Prix de France in Dijon after both Renault had monopolized the first row of the starting grid. Arnoux finished third after an epic duel with Gilles Villeneuve. The triumph on his land east total for Renault who won his gamble on the turbo. Gradually, all the other stables s'équiperont engine turbo until the ban on the technology end of 1988.
In 1980, Arnoux won the Grand Prix of Brazil and South Africa while Jabouille has problems with repetition. Alain Prost replaces Jabouille in 1981. The future quadruple world champion abducts three Grand Prix during his first season with Renault, helping the team to hang a third place ranking manufacturers. In 1982, Renault recorded four successful Grand Prix: two for Prost, two for Arnoux, allowing the team to consolidate its third place ranking manufacturers. The disappointment is deep yet for Renault, who seemed able to win world titles, but after a fine early season was plagued by recurring problems of reliability and errors of its pilots. At the end of 1982, in conflict with Prost, Arnoux left the team to join Ferrari. He is replaced by the young American Eddie Cheever. Favourite for the world title, Alain Prost won four Grand Prix victories, and seems sovereign championship. But the back end of season Nelson Piquet deprives him of the title and he must be content with second place in World Championship drivers. Cheever between six times in the points and Renault earns a place in the ranking of manufacturers, second behind Ferrari. The difficult end of season Renault have caused serious tensions within the French team, Prost is released from his contract to take over the official terminology.
After the departure of Alain Prost, Renault loop two seasons with Patrick Tambay and Derek Warwick, but the team slid to the classification of manufacturers in fifth position (1984) and then in seventh position (1985). Renault decided to close its Formula 1 racing team, preferring merely to be engine for other teams during the 1986 season, a role filled since 1983 with Team Lotus (fruitful association, marked by brilliant performances d ' Elio de Angelis then Ayrton Senna in particular), then with Ligier and Tyrrell.
The return to F1 as an engine manufacturer
After two years out of the F1 (but during which a cell technology watch is maintained), Renault makes his return to Formula 1 in 1989, but only as an engine manufacturer, for the Williams team (1989 to 1997) and Benetton (1995 to 1997). This policy is pay-as Renault itself in the years 1990 as the best engine of the plateau, with many titles of World Champion the key. We note in this regard that there is no official title of World Champion engine, and that when one speaks of securities Renault, it is more accurate to talk about his association with world titles pilots and equipped stables by brand lozenge.
In 1997, Renault will officially retire after his sixth consecutive championship title manufacturers. In total, these are eleven titles that Renault won with Benetton and Williams teams (6 titles manufacturer and 5 titles pilot). Renault, however, continues to be present in F1, through its subcontractor Mecachrome (1998) and society Supertec (1999 to 2000), providing customers engines (ie pay) Williams, Benetton, but also BAR and Arrows.
The return to F1 as stable
Having bought the Benetton team at the beginning of the 2000 season, Renault officially back in Formula 1 as the engine manufacturer in 2001 and as a stable under his own name in 2002. The director general is a figure from the world of Formula 1: Flavio Briatore (formerly Benetton). The team in full reconstruction, which has embarked on a bold path technical returning to F1 with a V10 engine angle extra-large (we refer to 110 or 111 °) penalty logically to sign its first results: she finished 7th in the constructor championship in 2001 and 4th in 2002. In 2003, the slow but steady progress is achieved through Renault its first victory since her return to Grand Prix at the Grand Prix of Hungary 2003, won by Fernando Alonso. Renault concluded 4th this year. In 2004, while Renault has returned to a more traditional engine the team also won the prestigious Grand Prix of Monaco 2004 with Jarno Trulli and finish in third place in the constructors championship. The rise of Renault, however, is thwarted by a late-season very difficult, which allows the BAR-Honda team to blow the 2nd place in the overall rankings. At Renault, said then that final coasting by the desire to focus sooner than the competition on the development of the car the following year, a tactic that will bear fruit.
In 2005, the Renault F1 Team Grand Prix aligns a brand new car, "R25". Its engine contains 98% of fresh evidence in relation to the 2004 model. The work of winter itself from the first Grand Prix of the season in Australia. Giancarlo Fisichella won the pole and won the race, while Fernando Alonso sign third place and the best time in the race. The team continues its momentum in Malaysia, Bahrain, the Grand Prix of San Marino, the Grand Prix of Europe, the Grand Prix of France and Germany Grand Prix with six victories of Fernando Alonso. Dominatrice early season, the R25 seems the heart of the summer to have stalled in pure performance compared to the McLaren-Mercedes, its main rival. But its strong advance the driver and constructor championships, Renault has mostly managed the evolution of his car so as not to jeopardize its reliability, Achilles' heel of his opponents. At the GP of Brazil, penultimate race of the season, Fernando Alonso won the drivers title. Then, during the GP of China, the last leg of the championship, a new victory Alonso allows the team to ensure the title of World Champion manufacturers. Renault at this time becomes the first automotive manufacturer to win the general world crown in Formula 1.
Despite a troubled winter, marked by the announcement of the departure of Alonso future, as well as alarmist rumours about the future of Renault in F1 (rumours which have been lifted until the spring of 2006, Renault announced its commitment to long-term F1), the French team began its 2006 campaign with 7 victories in Bahrain, Sepang, Melbourne, Barcelona, Monaco, Silverstone and Montreal, including 6 for Alonso. It marks not face the Ferrari during the summer. Playing between bad luck and bad choices, the team will see its lead over Ferrari melt like snow in the sun. The Federation Internationale de l'Automobile will even surprising decisions (or even issue for some as a stunning penalty for Alonso in Italy) which will cause harm to Renault and its pilots, including the abolition of Mass Dumper. But the French team overcomes well affronts. Alonso will win even the GP of Japan after a break of Schumacher. In closing 2nd in the GP of Brazil, behind Felipe Massa, Spanish driver wins the title and offers the title manufacturer Renault. That concludes a superb partnership between the diamond stable and Spanish.
The separation between Renault and Alonso, McLaren Mercedes at the party, is the harbinger of a difficult 2007 season for the team. In addition, a difficult adaptation of the new R27 tires supplied by Bridgestone, now the only manufacturer in F1 after the departure of Michelin. And indeed, from the opening race in Australia, the fall is tough. Giancarlo Fisichella, whose contract was extended from summer 2006, finished 5th place in a rather opportunistic while his new teammate, newcomer Heikki Kovalainen finished outside the points after an introduction of more brouillonnes. He is better at the next GP at the same time that the single yellow and orange now gaining competitiveness. However, after 4 GP, the Renault team has only 11 points, forty lower than the same stage of the 2006 season. And yet, they managed his first podium of the season during a race chamboulesque, the Grand Prix of Japan's Mount Fuji. It's Heikki Kovalainen who appropriates the 2nd place the nose of Kimi Raïkkonen on Ferrari. In China, no mark no Renaults points for the first time this season. Worse, at Interlagos, none completes the grand prize. Despite having finished in 3rd place in the championship following the exclusion of McLaren, the team is disappointed by its results and the car.
Nevertheless, in 2008, the team will take to dream again. In disgrace at McLaren Mercedes, Fernando Alonso returns to the French team, exchanging its place with Heikki Kovalainen. He is accompanied by Nelson Piquet Jr. who replaces Giancarlo Fisichella Force party in India. If the pilot does not interfere with the dévellopement of the R28, its qualities maker of the point and attacking it can wrest the 4th place in Australia. Piquet Jr. makes a grand prix disastrous. In Malaysia yet, only Alonso scores. In Bahrain, Renault back into the forefront, its two pilots not mark any points, and the team fails to 6th place, doing less well in 2007 at the same time. In Spain, is the deception. Despite good places grid due to technical improvements, leaving the two pilots. Nevertheless, the team seems to be returned to a better level, a sign confirmed by the second place grid Fernando Alonso.
Read also www.formula1.com
wikipedia
Renault F1 Team
The Renault F1 Team (officially ING Renault F1 Team named after the title sponsor of the team) is a Formula 1 racing team, owned by the french carmaker Renault. The team began in Formula 1 in 1977, before withdrawing from the world championship at the end of 1985, Renault preferring to stick to a simple role of engine. Renault has made his return as a chassis builder in 2002 following the acquisition of the Benetton Formula team reached two years earlier. This return has been marked by two world titles manufacturers in 2005 and 2006 and by the two titles of World Champion drivers Fernando Alonso.
The start
Renault is present in automobile competition for over a century. This is a Renault who won the first Grand Prix history, in 1906 (Grand Prix de l'ACF). Before that date, it will signal victory for Louis Renault in a Renault in 1899 on the Paris-Ostend. In 1900, Louis Renault wins Paris-Toulouse-Paris. In 1901, three Renault finish the first three places of the Paris-Bordeaux race.
Louis Renault stops the competition in 1903 following the death of his brother Marcel Renault in the race Paris-Madrid, stopped in Bordeaux because of the number of fatal accidents. The Renault cars line up, however, the first Grand Prix de France triumph in 1906 when the French Hungarian-born Ferenc Szisz. In 1907, Szisz must be content with second place behind Fiat de Felice Nazzaro. However disappointing results at the Grand Prix de France 1908: Szisz abandoned on broken wheel, Serguey Dimitriewich finish eighth and fifteenth Gustave Caillois. After this failure, Renault withdrew from the competition cars.
The debut in Formula 1
Renault expects 1977 to join the Formula 1. Vehicles of the diamond mark made their appearance in mid-season at the GP of Great Britain are revolutionary: they are equipped with a turbo, under an equivalency limiting the engine capacity to french 1 500 cc (against 3 000 cc to competition). The development of the engine turbo inevitably cause some setbacks in the first Grand Prix, with the number of dropouts who are taunting the competition. The Renault east and affublée by the British from the unflattering sobriquet of Yellow Tea Pot (the teapot yellow) in reference to his tendency to complete its courses in a cloud of smoke. Jean-Pierre Jabouille is the pilot of the single yellow car on the grid in 1977 and 1978. During this second season, the turbo engine's reliability is improving and stable harvest its first points.
Starting from 1979, Renault now aligns two cars in Grand Prix and Rene Arnoux joined Jean-Pierre Jabouille. After signing a pole position in South Africa, Jabouille won the Grand Prix de France in Dijon after both Renault had monopolized the first row of the starting grid. Arnoux finished third after an epic duel with Gilles Villeneuve. The triumph on his land east total for Renault who won his gamble on the turbo. Gradually, all the other stables s'équiperont engine turbo until the ban on the technology end of 1988.
In 1980, Arnoux won the Grand Prix of Brazil and South Africa while Jabouille has problems with repetition. Alain Prost replaces Jabouille in 1981. The future quadruple world champion abducts three Grand Prix during his first season with Renault, helping the team to hang a third place ranking manufacturers. In 1982, Renault recorded four successful Grand Prix: two for Prost, two for Arnoux, allowing the team to consolidate its third place ranking manufacturers. The disappointment is deep yet for Renault, who seemed able to win world titles, but after a fine early season was plagued by recurring problems of reliability and errors of its pilots. At the end of 1982, in conflict with Prost, Arnoux left the team to join Ferrari. He is replaced by the young American Eddie Cheever. Favourite for the world title, Alain Prost won four Grand Prix victories, and seems sovereign championship. But the back end of season Nelson Piquet deprives him of the title and he must be content with second place in World Championship drivers. Cheever between six times in the points and Renault earns a place in the ranking of manufacturers, second behind Ferrari. The difficult end of season Renault have caused serious tensions within the French team, Prost is released from his contract to take over the official terminology.
After the departure of Alain Prost, Renault loop two seasons with Patrick Tambay and Derek Warwick, but the team slid to the classification of manufacturers in fifth position (1984) and then in seventh position (1985). Renault decided to close its Formula 1 racing team, preferring merely to be engine for other teams during the 1986 season, a role filled since 1983 with Team Lotus (fruitful association, marked by brilliant performances d ' Elio de Angelis then Ayrton Senna in particular), then with Ligier and Tyrrell.
The return to F1 as an engine manufacturer
After two years out of the F1 (but during which a cell technology watch is maintained), Renault makes his return to Formula 1 in 1989, but only as an engine manufacturer, for the Williams team (1989 to 1997) and Benetton (1995 to 1997). This policy is pay-as Renault itself in the years 1990 as the best engine of the plateau, with many titles of World Champion the key. We note in this regard that there is no official title of World Champion engine, and that when one speaks of securities Renault, it is more accurate to talk about his association with world titles pilots and equipped stables by brand lozenge.
In 1997, Renault will officially retire after his sixth consecutive championship title manufacturers. In total, these are eleven titles that Renault won with Benetton and Williams teams (6 titles manufacturer and 5 titles pilot). Renault, however, continues to be present in F1, through its subcontractor Mecachrome (1998) and society Supertec (1999 to 2000), providing customers engines (ie pay) Williams, Benetton, but also BAR and Arrows.
The return to F1 as stable
Having bought the Benetton team at the beginning of the 2000 season, Renault officially back in Formula 1 as the engine manufacturer in 2001 and as a stable under his own name in 2002. The director general is a figure from the world of Formula 1: Flavio Briatore (formerly Benetton). The team in full reconstruction, which has embarked on a bold path technical returning to F1 with a V10 engine angle extra-large (we refer to 110 or 111 °) penalty logically to sign its first results: she finished 7th in the constructor championship in 2001 and 4th in 2002. In 2003, the slow but steady progress is achieved through Renault its first victory since her return to Grand Prix at the Grand Prix of Hungary 2003, won by Fernando Alonso. Renault concluded 4th this year. In 2004, while Renault has returned to a more traditional engine the team also won the prestigious Grand Prix of Monaco 2004 with Jarno Trulli and finish in third place in the constructors championship. The rise of Renault, however, is thwarted by a late-season very difficult, which allows the BAR-Honda team to blow the 2nd place in the overall rankings. At Renault, said then that final coasting by the desire to focus sooner than the competition on the development of the car the following year, a tactic that will bear fruit.
In 2005, the Renault F1 Team Grand Prix aligns a brand new car, "R25". Its engine contains 98% of fresh evidence in relation to the 2004 model. The work of winter itself from the first Grand Prix of the season in Australia. Giancarlo Fisichella won the pole and won the race, while Fernando Alonso sign third place and the best time in the race. The team continues its momentum in Malaysia, Bahrain, the Grand Prix of San Marino, the Grand Prix of Europe, the Grand Prix of France and Germany Grand Prix with six victories of Fernando Alonso. Dominatrice early season, the R25 seems the heart of the summer to have stalled in pure performance compared to the McLaren-Mercedes, its main rival. But its strong advance the driver and constructor championships, Renault has mostly managed the evolution of his car so as not to jeopardize its reliability, Achilles' heel of his opponents. At the GP of Brazil, penultimate race of the season, Fernando Alonso won the drivers title. Then, during the GP of China, the last leg of the championship, a new victory Alonso allows the team to ensure the title of World Champion manufacturers. Renault at this time becomes the first automotive manufacturer to win the general world crown in Formula 1.
Despite a troubled winter, marked by the announcement of the departure of Alonso future, as well as alarmist rumours about the future of Renault in F1 (rumours which have been lifted until the spring of 2006, Renault announced its commitment to long-term F1), the French team began its 2006 campaign with 7 victories in Bahrain, Sepang, Melbourne, Barcelona, Monaco, Silverstone and Montreal, including 6 for Alonso. It marks not face the Ferrari during the summer. Playing between bad luck and bad choices, the team will see its lead over Ferrari melt like snow in the sun. The Federation Internationale de l'Automobile will even surprising decisions (or even issue for some as a stunning penalty for Alonso in Italy) which will cause harm to Renault and its pilots, including the abolition of Mass Dumper. But the French team overcomes well affronts. Alonso will win even the GP of Japan after a break of Schumacher. In closing 2nd in the GP of Brazil, behind Felipe Massa, Spanish driver wins the title and offers the title manufacturer Renault. That concludes a superb partnership between the diamond stable and Spanish.
The separation between Renault and Alonso, McLaren Mercedes at the party, is the harbinger of a difficult 2007 season for the team. In addition, a difficult adaptation of the new R27 tires supplied by Bridgestone, now the only manufacturer in F1 after the departure of Michelin. And indeed, from the opening race in Australia, the fall is tough. Giancarlo Fisichella, whose contract was extended from summer 2006, finished 5th place in a rather opportunistic while his new teammate, newcomer Heikki Kovalainen finished outside the points after an introduction of more brouillonnes. He is better at the next GP at the same time that the single yellow and orange now gaining competitiveness. However, after 4 GP, the Renault team has only 11 points, forty lower than the same stage of the 2006 season. And yet, they managed his first podium of the season during a race chamboulesque, the Grand Prix of Japan's Mount Fuji. It's Heikki Kovalainen who appropriates the 2nd place the nose of Kimi Raïkkonen on Ferrari. In China, no mark no Renaults points for the first time this season. Worse, at Interlagos, none completes the grand prize. Despite having finished in 3rd place in the championship following the exclusion of McLaren, the team is disappointed by its results and the car.
Nevertheless, in 2008, the team will take to dream again. In disgrace at McLaren Mercedes, Fernando Alonso returns to the French team, exchanging its place with Heikki Kovalainen. He is accompanied by Nelson Piquet Jr. who replaces Giancarlo Fisichella Force party in India. If the pilot does not interfere with the dévellopement of the R28, its qualities maker of the point and attacking it can wrest the 4th place in Australia. Piquet Jr. makes a grand prix disastrous. In Malaysia yet, only Alonso scores. In Bahrain, Renault back into the forefront, its two pilots not mark any points, and the team fails to 6th place, doing less well in 2007 at the same time. In Spain, is the deception. Despite good places grid due to technical improvements, leaving the two pilots. Nevertheless, the team seems to be returned to a better level, a sign confirmed by the second place grid Fernando Alonso.
Read also www.formula1.com
wikipedia
Taekwondo
(Bast)
Taekwondo
Taekwondo (including Tae-Kwon-Do or Taekwon-Do) is a Korean martial arts and stands for foot (Tae), Faust (Kwon) and track (Thu, here is the way of mind meant). Although taekwondo amateur observer for the great similarities with other Asian martial arts species, it differs in some essential points of these. Thus, the taekwondo technology much on speed and dynamics designed, not least by the competition reasons. In taekwondo dominate foot techniques clearly than in comparable martial arts.
Concept and content
The term first appeared taekwondo in 1955 and was approved by General Choi Hong-hi (ITF). Worldwide, there are two styles of taekwondo (ITF and WTF), mainly in the form of exercise and sports struggle. Taekwondo has developed during the Japanese occupation of Korea and was supported by the Japanese Karate with affected. Of course there were long before the introduction of the waffenlose Karate martial arts in a more or less systematic in Korea. Your causal influence on the subsequent Kampfart taekwondo but must certainly be excluded. Only later, when various sub-styles taekwondo herauszukristallisieren began, some elements were added in retrospect, such as the Taekgyeon in accordance with existing prohibition of the Olympic competition system, with the fist to the head. The word taekwondo is composed of the following three sinokoreanischen syllables:
Tae = "If" (stands for all foot techniques),
Kwon = "Faust" (stands for all the hand and Armtechniken) and
Do = "path" (as in German as a method or target quest to understand the Chinese concept closely linked TAO).
Taekwondo as a modern sport is divided today in the individual disciplines:
1st Run of form (Teul, Hyeong, Pumsae (Taegeuk / Palgue)): techniques are defined in a set order.
2nd Self-defence (Hosinsul): self-defence against one or more armed or unarmed opponents.
3rd Einschrittkampf (Hanbon Kirugi, Matsoki-Ilbo, Ilbo-Taeryeon): A review battle with established technology en sequence against an opponent. In addition to the Einschrittkampf there are also the two-and three-step Combat (Ibo and Sambo-Matsoki, Ibo and Sambo-Taeryeon), the rather minor importance.
4th Breakthrough Test (Gyeokpa): destruction of wooden boards, bricks or other materials using Taekwondo techniques.
5th Free Combat (Daeryeon, Matsoki or Gyeorugi): agreements on free or struggle in various combinations.
6th Race (Chayu Matsoki): light, semi-or full-contact fight against an opponent.
7th Elementary school (Gibon Yeonseup), gymnastics (Dosoo Dallyon) and theory (Ilon) should also be continuous training components.
Through continuous training and conscious exercise of these disciplines, the Taekwondoins, all taekwondo Betreibenden, train their minds. General Choi Hong-hi, the founder of the original Taekwondos, has five goals to be achieved, which as "principles of Taekwondo" are:
1st Ye-Ui, courtesy
2nd Yom-Chi, the integrity
3rd In-Nae, the tenacity of
4th - Guk Gi, the self-discipline
5th Beakjul-bool-gul, the Unbezwingbarkeit
To achieve these goals, presented Choi Hong-hi an oath to which all taekwondo students should feel obliged to:
* I commit myself to the principles of taekwondo observed
* I commit myself, my coaches and to respect all Höhergestellten
* I commit myself, never to abuse Taekwondo
* I promise me for freedom and justice should
* I commit myself, in creating a more peaceful world with you
To cope with a taekwondo technology necessary power and the associated strong effect, uses the Taekwondoin certain physical laws. Knowledge of these laws of physics called Choi Hong-hi "theory of power". It consists of:
* Concentration: The entire force precisely at the moment of shock on a possible impact on small area. Large area = small power effect, small area = large force effect.
* Reaction force: Gegnerische force plus own strength = force, which acts on the opponent.
* Balance: The attack is effective and defense becomes more stable, when the body is in balance.
* Respiratory control: My shock effect and protection of its own body will increase by tense the abdominal muscles (exhaling and pressing) at the moment of shock.
* Speed: The higher the speed, the greater is the effective power. In physical terms formulas: force = mass x acceleration, speed and acceleration = change per time interval.
* Mass: The greater the mass involved at the turnpike (hip and whole body, not only the beating / lieu body part), the more effective force. Force = mass x acceleration.
History and Development
As in many countries, from which emerged martial arts, there are also in Korea, a centuries-old tradition of martial arts. There is no direct causal impact of them on the origin and initial development of what later Taekwondo should be noted.
The occasionally encountered allegation propagated one of the forerunner of the taekwondo already come from the legendary founder States Dangun, taekwondo is thus ultimately more than 4000 years old and the oldest martial arts in East Asia, lacks any historical basis. It may rather as an expression of a Unterlegenheitsgefühls patriotic struggle of Korean artists in particular China and Japan to be understood that all too often encountered. There is no reason, however, because Korea has a about a half millennia old independent martial arts tradition look back, behind those of other East Asian nations do not need to hide. It is this tradition of Honesty not artificially with the development of taekwondo mix.
Traditional Korean martial arts
At the time of the dawn of martial arts in East Asia, Korea was made up of three kingdoms: Goguryeo in the north, the western Baekje Kingdom and the smallest range in the southeast, Silla. A large part Goguryeos, the largest of the three kingdoms, the time was in the area of today's Chinese Manchuria. These areas were lost after the small Silla, with the support of Tang China, the other two kingdoms subject. At that time there was Silla in the Order of Hwarang, such as "boys flowers that have a special cultural, social and religious training and learned at least temporarily also trained in martial arts. Probably was including Soobak. What Soobak represented at this time, however, is completely unknown. From this (written in Chinese) Soobak probably eventually developed the (written in Hangeul) Tak-gyeon (sic), until the time of the Japanese annexation of Korea, especially in ordinary people, including at Gaunern and robbers, was popular. Taekgyeon is generally regarded as genuine Korean martial art whose typical movement patterns in any other Kampfart East Asian countries. Due to the during the 35-year occupation period existing ban on Koreans, martial arts exercise, died this traditional Korean martial art almost. Some of the founding fathers of the later taekwondo as Choi Hong-hi and Hwang Ki claimed that they had in their youth Taekgyeon learned, but there is no record, nor can the typical Taekgyeon elements such as dance Movement rocker or Breathing rhythm in their original style discover.
Another traditional Korean martial art is Ssireum, a wrestling style, which is about since the Joseon Dynasty. There is still a popular spectator sport. In contrast to the Japanese sumo, it is not the goal, the opponent from the ring or on the ground to come, but, like the Swiss swings, the opponent by pulling and digging in the balance. A causal impact of this traditional Korean combat sport taekwondo later on can safely be excluded.
Excavation of Japanese archaeologists in 1935 in the territory of present-day North Korea appealed wall paintings in Goguryeo tombs free, which according to the interpretation or dancers Duel lists in Poznan melee displayed. What type of style, this could be, is no longer to clarify for other than this picture are no written records have been found. The often on official taekwondo pages to find assertion that this is a precursor of taekwondo been, is pure speculation and is taken from the realm of fantasy, not the facts.
In addition, often the Keumgang-guard statues in Sukkuram as evidence of a centuries-old tradition taekwondo used. These are two guards who fight prominent positions in the entrance area of a Buddhist temple guard. But this document turns out to be wrong, because such figures can be found everywhere in China and India (where the older characters weapons in the hands), taekwondo and therefore should ultimately come from India.
A final Kampfart, in Korea before the Japanese occupation period was probably encountered, Kwon-beop. But this is definitely not a traditional Korean martial art, but only the Korean spelling of the Chinese or Japanese Kempo Quanfa, means something like "Faust". In fact, this Kampfart its origin in China and came on the Manchuria to Korea. It was attended by some soldiers since the end of the Japanese invasion of 1598 than last (waffenloses) resources on the battlefield trained as a relatively small area under the wide range of armed combat techniques. The Kwon-beop movements are in the military training workshop Muye Tongji Dobo, "illustrated manual of martial arts" of 1790,. There is a visual table with many far ausholenden Armschwüngen by individual, deep kicks relaxed. A causal influence on the subsequent Taekwondo can alone for the reason of the diversity of techniques should be excluded.
The exercise of martial arts learned in the history of Korea's two major absorbers. The first was the transition from Buddhism to Confucianism as a social order at the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty. Everything with the military nature or the nature of war had to do was in favour of other cultural achievements socially devalued. Ssireum, Soobak later Taekgyeon and military Kwon-beop have been and continue to learn in some circles downright popularity. Taekgyeon-around games was happily out on some festivals, especially of children. The second, much larger incision followed the occupation of Korea by Japan. The exercise of martial arts was Koreans generally prohibited only in rare cases, this seems to be done. The taekwondo founders have all Japanese martial arts abroad.
Formation and development of taekwondo in the 20th Century
After the Joseon Dynasty, Korea was annexed by Japan 1910. Everything culture and history of Korea identified, was systematically suppressed and banned. That was also true of traditional Korean struggle species such as Taekgyeon and Ssireum. The Japanese occupiers brought in species such as the fight Jujutsu, kendo, judo, karate or Sumo from home, but it was Koreans are officially banned, to learn. There were exceptions, for example, Koreans, in Japan or studying in the Japanese Army.
The five original styles
After the ban was 1943, martial arts exercise, and even more so after the independence of Korea in 1945 returned a handful of Koreans, abroad, in Japan and Manchuria, especially Japanese had learned karate. They opened the 5 original martial art schools from which the later Taekwondo, which should:
* Lee Won-Kuk had Shotokan Karate at Gichin Funakoshi learned and began 1944, in Tang Soo Do his school, the Cheongdo-Kwan ( "Hall of the true path") in Seoul, to teach. 1953 Lee fled for political reasons and emigrated to Japan in 1976 in the United States.
* Hwang Ki learned from 1936 in the Japanese-occupied Manchuria also probably karate, even if it is later than the style of a Chinese notes. 1945 in Seoul, he founded the Moo Duk Kwan (such as "Hall of the fight virtues"). His style, he also Tangsudo first, and later, in Korea, Subakdo. At the international level, he retained the name of Tang Soo Do (written "Tang Soo Do", abbreviated TSD), under which his style, especially in the United States still operates.
* Chun Sang-Sup, judo and karate while he was studying in Japan learned 1946 and joined the Yeonmu-Kwan, the biggest Seoul Judo School, where he also next Gongsudo taught judo. Chun is considered during the Korean War missing. His students then changed the school in Jido-Kwan ( "path of wisdom").
* Yoon Byung-in came as a senior Korean Karateka from Japan, where he Kanken Toyama (Shudokan style founder) 5 Dan in Shudokan Karate had reached. He is also in Manchuria Kwon Bop (Chinese Quanfa / Kung fu) have learned.
Also 1946, he founded the Changmu-Kwan in Seoul YMCA and called his style (presumably for political, which means anti-Japanese reasons) Kwon-Bop ( "Faust" method). Yoon was probably during the Korean War dragged to North Korea.
* Ro Byung-Jik, together with Lee Won-Kuk Shotokan Karate at Gichin Funakoshi learned and carried on his return 1 Dan. His first school he founded before independence in Kaesong in what is now North Korea, but withdrew due to lack of success for Seoul 1946 and opened there Seongmu-Kwan (derived from "Seong Kwan Do, the Korean pronunciation of the Japanese Shotokan).
Read also Taekwondo
wikipedia
Taekwondo
Taekwondo (including Tae-Kwon-Do or Taekwon-Do) is a Korean martial arts and stands for foot (Tae), Faust (Kwon) and track (Thu, here is the way of mind meant). Although taekwondo amateur observer for the great similarities with other Asian martial arts species, it differs in some essential points of these. Thus, the taekwondo technology much on speed and dynamics designed, not least by the competition reasons. In taekwondo dominate foot techniques clearly than in comparable martial arts.
Concept and content
The term first appeared taekwondo in 1955 and was approved by General Choi Hong-hi (ITF). Worldwide, there are two styles of taekwondo (ITF and WTF), mainly in the form of exercise and sports struggle. Taekwondo has developed during the Japanese occupation of Korea and was supported by the Japanese Karate with affected. Of course there were long before the introduction of the waffenlose Karate martial arts in a more or less systematic in Korea. Your causal influence on the subsequent Kampfart taekwondo but must certainly be excluded. Only later, when various sub-styles taekwondo herauszukristallisieren began, some elements were added in retrospect, such as the Taekgyeon in accordance with existing prohibition of the Olympic competition system, with the fist to the head. The word taekwondo is composed of the following three sinokoreanischen syllables:
Tae = "If" (stands for all foot techniques),
Kwon = "Faust" (stands for all the hand and Armtechniken) and
Do = "path" (as in German as a method or target quest to understand the Chinese concept closely linked TAO).
Taekwondo as a modern sport is divided today in the individual disciplines:
1st Run of form (Teul, Hyeong, Pumsae (Taegeuk / Palgue)): techniques are defined in a set order.
2nd Self-defence (Hosinsul): self-defence against one or more armed or unarmed opponents.
3rd Einschrittkampf (Hanbon Kirugi, Matsoki-Ilbo, Ilbo-Taeryeon): A review battle with established technology en sequence against an opponent. In addition to the Einschrittkampf there are also the two-and three-step Combat (Ibo and Sambo-Matsoki, Ibo and Sambo-Taeryeon), the rather minor importance.
4th Breakthrough Test (Gyeokpa): destruction of wooden boards, bricks or other materials using Taekwondo techniques.
5th Free Combat (Daeryeon, Matsoki or Gyeorugi): agreements on free or struggle in various combinations.
6th Race (Chayu Matsoki): light, semi-or full-contact fight against an opponent.
7th Elementary school (Gibon Yeonseup), gymnastics (Dosoo Dallyon) and theory (Ilon) should also be continuous training components.
Through continuous training and conscious exercise of these disciplines, the Taekwondoins, all taekwondo Betreibenden, train their minds. General Choi Hong-hi, the founder of the original Taekwondos, has five goals to be achieved, which as "principles of Taekwondo" are:
1st Ye-Ui, courtesy
2nd Yom-Chi, the integrity
3rd In-Nae, the tenacity of
4th - Guk Gi, the self-discipline
5th Beakjul-bool-gul, the Unbezwingbarkeit
To achieve these goals, presented Choi Hong-hi an oath to which all taekwondo students should feel obliged to:
* I commit myself to the principles of taekwondo observed
* I commit myself, my coaches and to respect all Höhergestellten
* I commit myself, never to abuse Taekwondo
* I promise me for freedom and justice should
* I commit myself, in creating a more peaceful world with you
To cope with a taekwondo technology necessary power and the associated strong effect, uses the Taekwondoin certain physical laws. Knowledge of these laws of physics called Choi Hong-hi "theory of power". It consists of:
* Concentration: The entire force precisely at the moment of shock on a possible impact on small area. Large area = small power effect, small area = large force effect.
* Reaction force: Gegnerische force plus own strength = force, which acts on the opponent.
* Balance: The attack is effective and defense becomes more stable, when the body is in balance.
* Respiratory control: My shock effect and protection of its own body will increase by tense the abdominal muscles (exhaling and pressing) at the moment of shock.
* Speed: The higher the speed, the greater is the effective power. In physical terms formulas: force = mass x acceleration, speed and acceleration = change per time interval.
* Mass: The greater the mass involved at the turnpike (hip and whole body, not only the beating / lieu body part), the more effective force. Force = mass x acceleration.
History and Development
As in many countries, from which emerged martial arts, there are also in Korea, a centuries-old tradition of martial arts. There is no direct causal impact of them on the origin and initial development of what later Taekwondo should be noted.
The occasionally encountered allegation propagated one of the forerunner of the taekwondo already come from the legendary founder States Dangun, taekwondo is thus ultimately more than 4000 years old and the oldest martial arts in East Asia, lacks any historical basis. It may rather as an expression of a Unterlegenheitsgefühls patriotic struggle of Korean artists in particular China and Japan to be understood that all too often encountered. There is no reason, however, because Korea has a about a half millennia old independent martial arts tradition look back, behind those of other East Asian nations do not need to hide. It is this tradition of Honesty not artificially with the development of taekwondo mix.
Traditional Korean martial arts
At the time of the dawn of martial arts in East Asia, Korea was made up of three kingdoms: Goguryeo in the north, the western Baekje Kingdom and the smallest range in the southeast, Silla. A large part Goguryeos, the largest of the three kingdoms, the time was in the area of today's Chinese Manchuria. These areas were lost after the small Silla, with the support of Tang China, the other two kingdoms subject. At that time there was Silla in the Order of Hwarang, such as "boys flowers that have a special cultural, social and religious training and learned at least temporarily also trained in martial arts. Probably was including Soobak. What Soobak represented at this time, however, is completely unknown. From this (written in Chinese) Soobak probably eventually developed the (written in Hangeul) Tak-gyeon (sic), until the time of the Japanese annexation of Korea, especially in ordinary people, including at Gaunern and robbers, was popular. Taekgyeon is generally regarded as genuine Korean martial art whose typical movement patterns in any other Kampfart East Asian countries. Due to the during the 35-year occupation period existing ban on Koreans, martial arts exercise, died this traditional Korean martial art almost. Some of the founding fathers of the later taekwondo as Choi Hong-hi and Hwang Ki claimed that they had in their youth Taekgyeon learned, but there is no record, nor can the typical Taekgyeon elements such as dance Movement rocker or Breathing rhythm in their original style discover.
Another traditional Korean martial art is Ssireum, a wrestling style, which is about since the Joseon Dynasty. There is still a popular spectator sport. In contrast to the Japanese sumo, it is not the goal, the opponent from the ring or on the ground to come, but, like the Swiss swings, the opponent by pulling and digging in the balance. A causal impact of this traditional Korean combat sport taekwondo later on can safely be excluded.
Excavation of Japanese archaeologists in 1935 in the territory of present-day North Korea appealed wall paintings in Goguryeo tombs free, which according to the interpretation or dancers Duel lists in Poznan melee displayed. What type of style, this could be, is no longer to clarify for other than this picture are no written records have been found. The often on official taekwondo pages to find assertion that this is a precursor of taekwondo been, is pure speculation and is taken from the realm of fantasy, not the facts.
In addition, often the Keumgang-guard statues in Sukkuram as evidence of a centuries-old tradition taekwondo used. These are two guards who fight prominent positions in the entrance area of a Buddhist temple guard. But this document turns out to be wrong, because such figures can be found everywhere in China and India (where the older characters weapons in the hands), taekwondo and therefore should ultimately come from India.
A final Kampfart, in Korea before the Japanese occupation period was probably encountered, Kwon-beop. But this is definitely not a traditional Korean martial art, but only the Korean spelling of the Chinese or Japanese Kempo Quanfa, means something like "Faust". In fact, this Kampfart its origin in China and came on the Manchuria to Korea. It was attended by some soldiers since the end of the Japanese invasion of 1598 than last (waffenloses) resources on the battlefield trained as a relatively small area under the wide range of armed combat techniques. The Kwon-beop movements are in the military training workshop Muye Tongji Dobo, "illustrated manual of martial arts" of 1790,. There is a visual table with many far ausholenden Armschwüngen by individual, deep kicks relaxed. A causal influence on the subsequent Taekwondo can alone for the reason of the diversity of techniques should be excluded.
The exercise of martial arts learned in the history of Korea's two major absorbers. The first was the transition from Buddhism to Confucianism as a social order at the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty. Everything with the military nature or the nature of war had to do was in favour of other cultural achievements socially devalued. Ssireum, Soobak later Taekgyeon and military Kwon-beop have been and continue to learn in some circles downright popularity. Taekgyeon-around games was happily out on some festivals, especially of children. The second, much larger incision followed the occupation of Korea by Japan. The exercise of martial arts was Koreans generally prohibited only in rare cases, this seems to be done. The taekwondo founders have all Japanese martial arts abroad.
Formation and development of taekwondo in the 20th Century
After the Joseon Dynasty, Korea was annexed by Japan 1910. Everything culture and history of Korea identified, was systematically suppressed and banned. That was also true of traditional Korean struggle species such as Taekgyeon and Ssireum. The Japanese occupiers brought in species such as the fight Jujutsu, kendo, judo, karate or Sumo from home, but it was Koreans are officially banned, to learn. There were exceptions, for example, Koreans, in Japan or studying in the Japanese Army.
The five original styles
After the ban was 1943, martial arts exercise, and even more so after the independence of Korea in 1945 returned a handful of Koreans, abroad, in Japan and Manchuria, especially Japanese had learned karate. They opened the 5 original martial art schools from which the later Taekwondo, which should:
* Lee Won-Kuk had Shotokan Karate at Gichin Funakoshi learned and began 1944, in Tang Soo Do his school, the Cheongdo-Kwan ( "Hall of the true path") in Seoul, to teach. 1953 Lee fled for political reasons and emigrated to Japan in 1976 in the United States.
* Hwang Ki learned from 1936 in the Japanese-occupied Manchuria also probably karate, even if it is later than the style of a Chinese notes. 1945 in Seoul, he founded the Moo Duk Kwan (such as "Hall of the fight virtues"). His style, he also Tangsudo first, and later, in Korea, Subakdo. At the international level, he retained the name of Tang Soo Do (written "Tang Soo Do", abbreviated TSD), under which his style, especially in the United States still operates.
* Chun Sang-Sup, judo and karate while he was studying in Japan learned 1946 and joined the Yeonmu-Kwan, the biggest Seoul Judo School, where he also next Gongsudo taught judo. Chun is considered during the Korean War missing. His students then changed the school in Jido-Kwan ( "path of wisdom").
* Yoon Byung-in came as a senior Korean Karateka from Japan, where he Kanken Toyama (Shudokan style founder) 5 Dan in Shudokan Karate had reached. He is also in Manchuria Kwon Bop (Chinese Quanfa / Kung fu) have learned.
Also 1946, he founded the Changmu-Kwan in Seoul YMCA and called his style (presumably for political, which means anti-Japanese reasons) Kwon-Bop ( "Faust" method). Yoon was probably during the Korean War dragged to North Korea.
* Ro Byung-Jik, together with Lee Won-Kuk Shotokan Karate at Gichin Funakoshi learned and carried on his return 1 Dan. His first school he founded before independence in Kaesong in what is now North Korea, but withdrew due to lack of success for Seoul 1946 and opened there Seongmu-Kwan (derived from "Seong Kwan Do, the Korean pronunciation of the Japanese Shotokan).
Read also Taekwondo
wikipedia
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