Volleyball

(Bast)

Volleyball
The volleyball is a team sport involving two teams of six players separated by a net, which clash with a ball on a rectangular field. With 260 million followers, it is one of the most popular sports in the world.

Origins
Volleyball was invented on February 9, 1895 the USA by a physical education teacher from a YMCA in Holyoke in Massachusetts, William G. Morgan (1870-1942) to occupy the athletes during the winter. It is based on both the basketball and tennis also was born the "mintonette" on December 2, 1895. Another sports hall, basketball was invented just ten miles (sixteen kilometers) farther in the city of Springfield (Massachusetts), only four years ago. The mintonette had to be a sports hall less violent than basketball, for the older members of the YMCA, while still requiring a minimum of physical effort.

The first rules, written by William G. Morgan, together constituted a net 1.98 m high, a field of 7, 6 by 15.2 m, and an unlimited number of players. A match was composed of nine rounds with three for each team in each round, with a number of contacts with the ball unlimited for each team before its return to the opponent. In case of a service error, a second trial was allowed. The fact hitting the ball in the net was considered a mistake (with the loss of point or a time-killing) unless it happens at the first attempt of service [ref. necessary].

After watching this sport, Alfred Halstead, noticed the nature of "stolen" in the game's first exhibition match in 1896. Performed at the International YMCA Training School (now known as Springfield College), the game was soon known as volleyball (it was originally spelled as two words: "volley ball"). The rules of volleyball were slightly altered by the YMCA International Training School and the spread of the game in the YMCA different.

Raffinements and development last
The first official ball used in volleyball is contested, several sources say that Spalding has created the first official ball in 1896. The rules have evolved over time. In 1916, address and the power of the game and the attack is introduced, and four years later, the rule of the three keys is introduced. In 1917, set from 21 to 15 points. In 1919, approximately 16 000 balls volleyball are distributed by the American Expeditionary Forces to their troops and their allies, raising the growth of volleyball in new countries.

The first country outside the United States to adopt volleyball is Canada in 1900. An international federation, the Federation Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), was founded in 1947, and the first world championship is dyed in 1949 for men and 1952 for women. The sport has become popular in Brazil, Europe (teams Italy, the Netherlands and the countries of Eastern Europe are leading teams since the late 1980), Russia , And other countries including China and the rest of Asia, as well as the United States.

The beach volleyball, a variation of the game played on sand with only two players per team, includes the FIVB in 1987 and became an Olympic sport in the games of 1996.

Volleyball at Olympics
The history of volleyball at the Olympic Games back to the Summer Olympics 1924 in Paris, where volleyball is played under a demonstration event in American sports [9]. After the founding of the FIVB and some continental confederations, he began to be considered for inclusion official. In 1957, a special tournament is being held at the 53rd session of the IOC in Sofia (Bulgaria), to support such a request. The competition is a success and the sport is officially included in the programme for the Summer Olympics 1964. The tournament volleyball Olympic was originally a simple competition, whose format is parrallèle that always used in the World Cup: all teams play one against the other team and then classified by victories, the average set, and the average point. A disadvantage of this system of round-robin is that medal winners could be determined before the end of games, producing a loss of hearing for the outcome of matches remaining. To change this situation, the competition consisted of two phases with the addition of a "final round", an elimination tournament consisting of the quarter-finals, the semi-finals and finals in 1972. The number of teams involved in the Olympic tournament has grown steadily since 1964. Since 1996, events for men and women are twelve nations participating. Each of the five confederations volleyball Continental has at least one national federation affiliated involved in the Olympic Games.

The USSR won two gold medals in the men's competition in 1964 and 1968. After winning the bronze in 1964 and silver in 1968, Japan finally wins gold for boys in 1972. Among women, gold has returned to Japan in 1964, which reproduces the same performance in 1976. The same year, the introduction of a new offensive address, allowed Poland to win the men's competition on the Soviets in a very tight match five sets. Since the strongest teams in the volleyball men at that time belonged to the East, the U.S. boycott had no effect on these large events it had on the women's competition. The USSR won their second case Olympic title in men beating Bulgaria in the final 3 sets to 1 (same result for the women's team who won their third title). With the boycott of the USSR to the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, the United States swept Brazil in the finals for the gold medal of men. The Italy won its first medal (bronze in boys) in 1984.

In games of 1988, Karch Kiraly and Steve Timmons lead usa a second Olympic title in a row after that of 1984. In 1992, Brazil thwarts the Netherlands and Italy in the men's competition to win their first gold medal. Second, the Netherlands, medaillé money men in 1992, returning to being taken by their leaders, Ron Zwerver and Olof van der Meulen games of 1996 for a five-sets match when he beat Italy and won the tournament. Médaliste bronze male in 1996, Serbia and Montenegro (playing in 1996 and 2000 as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) beat Russia in the finals in 2000, winning their first gold medal. In 2004, Brazil won a second Olympic title when he beat male Italy in the final.

Hardware
The necessary equipment consists of the following:

* 2 posts;
* 1 fillet;
* 2 mires;
* 1 ball;
* 1 field.

Terrain
The volleyball is practiced mostly in the conference room. The field has a rectangular shape of 18 meters long and 9 meters wide. The lines of demarcation are inside the ground. A central line spans the net over the entire width of the field and separates the two camps. A line of attack is painted on the ground in each half field, 3 metres of the net, it is commonly called "line of 3 metres."

The dimensions of volleyball vary depending on the category of players.

Ballon
The ball volleyball is more flexible and lighter than that of football. It must have a circumference between 65 and 67 cm, a mass of between 260 and 280 g and a pressure between 0.30 and 0325 kg ∙ cm-2. Since 1978, to reduce the playing time, three balls are used at national and international meetings. No more wasted time to retrieve the service, since four collectors balls are placed around the ground. This system has resulted in a decrease of approximately 20% of the time on Thursday.

Rules of the game
Points are scored by either dropped the ball on the ground of the opposing team, either when the opponent commits a foul. The first team to reach 25 points wins the set and the first team to win three sets wins the match. Each team can hit the ball up three times before the ball does retraverse the net, and consecutive contacts must be made by different players. The ball is usually played with the hands or arms, but the players have the right to touch the ball with any other body part.


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