Taekwondo

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Taekwondo
Taekwondo (including Tae-Kwon-Do or Taekwon-Do) is a Korean martial arts and stands for foot (Tae), Faust (Kwon) and track (Thu, here is the way of mind meant). Although taekwondo amateur observer for the great similarities with other Asian martial arts species, it differs in some essential points of these. Thus, the taekwondo technology much on speed and dynamics designed, not least by the competition reasons. In taekwondo dominate foot techniques clearly than in comparable martial arts.

Concept and content
The term first appeared taekwondo in 1955 and was approved by General Choi Hong-hi (ITF). Worldwide, there are two styles of taekwondo (ITF and WTF), mainly in the form of exercise and sports struggle. Taekwondo has developed during the Japanese occupation of Korea and was supported by the Japanese Karate with affected. Of course there were long before the introduction of the waffenlose Karate martial arts in a more or less systematic in Korea. Your causal influence on the subsequent Kampfart taekwondo but must certainly be excluded. Only later, when various sub-styles taekwondo herauszukristallisieren began, some elements were added in retrospect, such as the Taekgyeon in accordance with existing prohibition of the Olympic competition system, with the fist to the head. The word taekwondo is composed of the following three sinokoreanischen syllables:
Tae = "If" (stands for all foot techniques),
Kwon = "Faust" (stands for all the hand and Armtechniken) and
Do = "path" (as in German as a method or target quest to understand the Chinese concept closely linked TAO).

Taekwondo as a modern sport is divided today in the individual disciplines:

1st Run of form (Teul, Hyeong, Pumsae (Taegeuk / Palgue)): techniques are defined in a set order.
2nd Self-defence (Hosinsul): self-defence against one or more armed or unarmed opponents.
3rd Einschrittkampf (Hanbon Kirugi, Matsoki-Ilbo, Ilbo-Taeryeon): A review battle with established technology en sequence against an opponent. In addition to the Einschrittkampf there are also the two-and three-step Combat (Ibo and Sambo-Matsoki, Ibo and Sambo-Taeryeon), the rather minor importance.
4th Breakthrough Test (Gyeokpa): destruction of wooden boards, bricks or other materials using Taekwondo techniques.
5th Free Combat (Daeryeon, Matsoki or Gyeorugi): agreements on free or struggle in various combinations.
6th Race (Chayu Matsoki): light, semi-or full-contact fight against an opponent.
7th Elementary school (Gibon Yeonseup), gymnastics (Dosoo Dallyon) and theory (Ilon) should also be continuous training components.

Through continuous training and conscious exercise of these disciplines, the Taekwondoins, all taekwondo Betreibenden, train their minds. General Choi Hong-hi, the founder of the original Taekwondos, has five goals to be achieved, which as "principles of Taekwondo" are:

1st Ye-Ui, courtesy
2nd Yom-Chi, the integrity
3rd In-Nae, the tenacity of
4th - Guk Gi, the self-discipline
5th Beakjul-bool-gul, the Unbezwingbarkeit

To achieve these goals, presented Choi Hong-hi an oath to which all taekwondo students should feel obliged to:

* I commit myself to the principles of taekwondo observed
* I commit myself, my coaches and to respect all Höhergestellten
* I commit myself, never to abuse Taekwondo
* I promise me for freedom and justice should
* I commit myself, in creating a more peaceful world with you

To cope with a taekwondo technology necessary power and the associated strong effect, uses the Taekwondoin certain physical laws. Knowledge of these laws of physics called Choi Hong-hi "theory of power". It consists of:

* Concentration: The entire force precisely at the moment of shock on a possible impact on small area. Large area = small power effect, small area = large force effect.
* Reaction force: Gegnerische force plus own strength = force, which acts on the opponent.
* Balance: The attack is effective and defense becomes more stable, when the body is in balance.
* Respiratory control: My shock effect and protection of its own body will increase by tense the abdominal muscles (exhaling and pressing) at the moment of shock.
* Speed: The higher the speed, the greater is the effective power. In physical terms formulas: force = mass x acceleration, speed and acceleration = change per time interval.
* Mass: The greater the mass involved at the turnpike (hip and whole body, not only the beating / lieu body part), the more effective force. Force = mass x acceleration.

History and Development
As in many countries, from which emerged martial arts, there are also in Korea, a centuries-old tradition of martial arts. There is no direct causal impact of them on the origin and initial development of what later Taekwondo should be noted.

The occasionally encountered allegation propagated one of the forerunner of the taekwondo already come from the legendary founder States Dangun, taekwondo is thus ultimately more than 4000 years old and the oldest martial arts in East Asia, lacks any historical basis. It may rather as an expression of a Unterlegenheitsgefühls patriotic struggle of Korean artists in particular China and Japan to be understood that all too often encountered. There is no reason, however, because Korea has a about a half millennia old independent martial arts tradition look back, behind those of other East Asian nations do not need to hide. It is this tradition of Honesty not artificially with the development of taekwondo mix.

Traditional Korean martial arts
At the time of the dawn of martial arts in East Asia, Korea was made up of three kingdoms: Goguryeo in the north, the western Baekje Kingdom and the smallest range in the southeast, Silla. A large part Goguryeos, the largest of the three kingdoms, the time was in the area of today's Chinese Manchuria. These areas were lost after the small Silla, with the support of Tang China, the other two kingdoms subject. At that time there was Silla in the Order of Hwarang, such as "boys flowers that have a special cultural, social and religious training and learned at least temporarily also trained in martial arts. Probably was including Soobak. What Soobak represented at this time, however, is completely unknown. From this (written in Chinese) Soobak probably eventually developed the (written in Hangeul) Tak-gyeon (sic), until the time of the Japanese annexation of Korea, especially in ordinary people, including at Gaunern and robbers, was popular. Taekgyeon is generally regarded as genuine Korean martial art whose typical movement patterns in any other Kampfart East Asian countries. Due to the during the 35-year occupation period existing ban on Koreans, martial arts exercise, died this traditional Korean martial art almost. Some of the founding fathers of the later taekwondo as Choi Hong-hi and Hwang Ki claimed that they had in their youth Taekgyeon learned, but there is no record, nor can the typical Taekgyeon elements such as dance Movement rocker or Breathing rhythm in their original style discover.

Another traditional Korean martial art is Ssireum, a wrestling style, which is about since the Joseon Dynasty. There is still a popular spectator sport. In contrast to the Japanese sumo, it is not the goal, the opponent from the ring or on the ground to come, but, like the Swiss swings, the opponent by pulling and digging in the balance. A causal impact of this traditional Korean combat sport taekwondo later on can safely be excluded.

Excavation of Japanese archaeologists in 1935 in the territory of present-day North Korea appealed wall paintings in Goguryeo tombs free, which according to the interpretation or dancers Duel lists in Poznan melee displayed. What type of style, this could be, is no longer to clarify for other than this picture are no written records have been found. The often on official taekwondo pages to find assertion that this is a precursor of taekwondo been, is pure speculation and is taken from the realm of fantasy, not the facts.

In addition, often the Keumgang-guard statues in Sukkuram as evidence of a centuries-old tradition taekwondo used. These are two guards who fight prominent positions in the entrance area of a Buddhist temple guard. But this document turns out to be wrong, because such figures can be found everywhere in China and India (where the older characters weapons in the hands), taekwondo and therefore should ultimately come from India.

A final Kampfart, in Korea before the Japanese occupation period was probably encountered, Kwon-beop. But this is definitely not a traditional Korean martial art, but only the Korean spelling of the Chinese or Japanese Kempo Quanfa, means something like "Faust". In fact, this Kampfart its origin in China and came on the Manchuria to Korea. It was attended by some soldiers since the end of the Japanese invasion of 1598 than last (waffenloses) resources on the battlefield trained as a relatively small area under the wide range of armed combat techniques. The Kwon-beop movements are in the military training workshop Muye Tongji Dobo, "illustrated manual of martial arts" of 1790,. There is a visual table with many far ausholenden Armschwüngen by individual, deep kicks relaxed. A causal influence on the subsequent Taekwondo can alone for the reason of the diversity of techniques should be excluded.

The exercise of martial arts learned in the history of Korea's two major absorbers. The first was the transition from Buddhism to Confucianism as a social order at the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty. Everything with the military nature or the nature of war had to do was in favour of other cultural achievements socially devalued. Ssireum, Soobak later Taekgyeon and military Kwon-beop have been and continue to learn in some circles downright popularity. Taekgyeon-around games was happily out on some festivals, especially of children. The second, much larger incision followed the occupation of Korea by Japan. The exercise of martial arts was Koreans generally prohibited only in rare cases, this seems to be done. The taekwondo founders have all Japanese martial arts abroad.


Formation and development of taekwondo in the 20th Century
After the Joseon Dynasty, Korea was annexed by Japan 1910. Everything culture and history of Korea identified, was systematically suppressed and banned. That was also true of traditional Korean struggle species such as Taekgyeon and Ssireum. The Japanese occupiers brought in species such as the fight Jujutsu, kendo, judo, karate or Sumo from home, but it was Koreans are officially banned, to learn. There were exceptions, for example, Koreans, in Japan or studying in the Japanese Army.

The five original styles
After the ban was 1943, martial arts exercise, and even more so after the independence of Korea in 1945 returned a handful of Koreans, abroad, in Japan and Manchuria, especially Japanese had learned karate. They opened the 5 original martial art schools from which the later Taekwondo, which should:

* Lee Won-Kuk had Shotokan Karate at Gichin Funakoshi learned and began 1944, in Tang Soo Do his school, the Cheongdo-Kwan ( "Hall of the true path") in Seoul, to teach. 1953 Lee fled for political reasons and emigrated to Japan in 1976 in the United States.
* Hwang Ki learned from 1936 in the Japanese-occupied Manchuria also probably karate, even if it is later than the style of a Chinese notes. 1945 in Seoul, he founded the Moo Duk Kwan (such as "Hall of the fight virtues"). His style, he also Tangsudo first, and later, in Korea, Subakdo. At the international level, he retained the name of Tang Soo Do (written "Tang Soo Do", abbreviated TSD), under which his style, especially in the United States still operates.
* Chun Sang-Sup, judo and karate while he was studying in Japan learned 1946 and joined the Yeonmu-Kwan, the biggest Seoul Judo School, where he also next Gongsudo taught judo. Chun is considered during the Korean War missing. His students then changed the school in Jido-Kwan ( "path of wisdom").
* Yoon Byung-in came as a senior Korean Karateka from Japan, where he Kanken Toyama (Shudokan style founder) 5 Dan in Shudokan Karate had reached. He is also in Manchuria Kwon Bop (Chinese Quanfa / Kung fu) have learned.

Also 1946, he founded the Changmu-Kwan in Seoul YMCA and called his style (presumably for political, which means anti-Japanese reasons) Kwon-Bop ( "Faust" method). Yoon was probably during the Korean War dragged to North Korea.

* Ro Byung-Jik, together with Lee Won-Kuk Shotokan Karate at Gichin Funakoshi learned and carried on his return 1 Dan. His first school he founded before independence in Kaesong in what is now North Korea, but withdrew due to lack of success for Seoul 1946 and opened there Seongmu-Kwan (derived from "Seong Kwan Do, the Korean pronunciation of the Japanese Shotokan).

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