Tennis

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Tennis

Tennis is a ball game, which of two or four players played. The variant with two players, as a single, the variant with four players than double. A special case of the double is mixed, in which one male and one female player per team against each other.

Opponents are on a network through a separate playing field opposite and try the tennis ball with the help of Tennisschlägers so in the opponent's field to play, that the enemy is no longer in a position to him on a regular way in the field zurückzuspielen.


History
The French forerunner of today's game, Jeu de Paume (with the palm of the hand) was in the monastery courtyards, and later in the ball game houses on a rectangular playing field. The players made their indication on the side, by the ball over the net against a wall suggested that ran along the field. The spectators sat on the wall. Lines divided the field into four fifteen inches (nearly forty centimeters) wide, parallel stripes on both sides network.

The English Major Walter Clopton Wingfield 1874 was his kind of tennis that he "Sphairistike" (Greek word for ball games) was called, patented and introduced rules. The usual tennis until today emerged with new rules, with the first championships at Wimbledon (London) in July 1877.

At the beginning of the 1930s, the professional tennis. This had the consequence that not all tennis players in the big tournaments were allowed to participate. That changed after 1968, when the open tournaments were introduced. At that time, the present D-tennis tournaments like the US Open or the French Open.

The name "tennis" goes to the Middle English term tenes or tenetz back, a similar ball game called. The origin of this name itself has been on the imperative of plural French tenir (hold) back. The exclamation "Tenez!" -- In the sense of "Take, keep (the ball)!" -- Aufschlagenden a player was originally presumably as a warning for the players thought.


Game Objective
The target for a tennis game is to make the necessary number of records to win. This is achieved by placing the ball into the regular field of the opponent plays that the ball no longer reach him or not back, or the opponent the ball into the net suggests. It is important to note that the ball after it more than once on the ground, as with tennis rackets to be beaten, that he is inside the opponent's field (also the boundary lines are part of the field) during lightning storms. At the beginning of a ball change is the so-called surcharge, in a special, smaller field, the surcharge box to be played. If a surcharge was irregularly executed, the server a second chance. If this return is not as usual, is the point at the rear flippers, which is called a double fault. If a surcharge rule otherwise the ball touches the network edge, the surcharge must be repeated.

Counting
The whole game (also known as Match), will be tennis in rates, which in turn made up of several games (even with the English word games referred to the ambiguity of the German word "game" to avoid). A set is won when a player six or seven games won, but there are several scenarios are:

* Six games are set to profit if the opponents of a maximum of four games won.
* Does it 6:5, and the leadership is in player wins the next game, it decides that the rate of 7:5 for themselves.
* Does it 6:6, it must be a special game, the tie-break, to decide the sentence. The winner of the tie-breaks can record with 7:6 for themselves.
* A special arrangement occurs in the Grand Slam tournaments (except for the US Open) and the Davis Cup in force, in which the crucial sentence (for the men in the 5th, with the ladies in the 3rd) no tie-break is played , but two games ahead must be obtained. (The advantage rule was before the introduction of tie-breaks in each set.)

In a normal game has one of the counterparties the surcharge law. The counting within a game is 0, 15, 30, 40 Gewonnen is a game where a player with 40 points, one more point.

One exception is the game 40:40, also debut ( "deuce"). A game must start with two points won. The player, who after the debut next point wins, has advantage ( "advantage"). At follows advantage at winning the next ball change the end of the game, again adjusted for loss. In general, upon reaching the state game 40:40 debut immediately announced. An exception is the French Open, in which the arbitrator in reaching 40 for two (all) this is so ansagt ( "quarante-à"). If the running game is re-debut, "égalité" announced.

The impact of the lost game ends is called Break (the surcharge benefit was "broken"). The break comes at the Tennis special significance: The player who has the ball exchange with the surcharge starts, has an advantage over the players returnierenden because it involved a powerful impact pressure on the opponents can exert. In professional tennis is a game derived supplement rather the rule, a lost service game the exception, which often decides the sentence. Can a player by the next rally to achieve a break, we speak of a break ball.

A tennis match is usually more than two sentences out profit. For larger tournaments or in the finals of such men will be attending the three winning records played. For seniors can instead of a decisive third set also a tie-break played. The rally, the game can profit will match ball.

History of the counting
There are two versions. The most common version is believed that the counting of money bets and betting game in the 14th Century in France is declining. So we sat for example, a large denier, which is in turn a value of 15 denier. In one sentence, which was often consisted of four games, were also 4 times 15 "denial": 15 - 30 - 45 - 60 In the 16th Century was probably louder from the convenience and shorter debate because of "45" through "40".

The altfranzösische Sol (later Sou) served as currency. The Sol was in the Middle Ages, the unit of account for twelve penny (usually: denier). 1266 was the first such unit in the form of a silver coin, the "gros tournois denier", the great penny of Tours. This money was left in the 14th Several nachgeprägt century - the value was respectively 15 deniers tournois, 15 pfennigs from Tours.

The second version refers to the lines on the playing field. Each time a player when jeu de paume made a point, he moved to a strip on and gradually came to the middle of the field closer. The game began at the 0-inch line. Won a player one point, he moved to the 15-inch line, then the 30-inch line, and finally to the 45-inch line. Only then, he had won the game. Because we found that this line is too close to the network, was the latest indication on a 40-inch line back.

"0" is used for tennis with the English word "Love". The origin of this expression is probably in the phrase "to do something for love", which means "doing something for nothing". A game in which the opponent has zero points, it means therefore Love game. Also circulation of the expression "neither for love nor money for its origin. This expression gives the same sense: You get "neither love nor money", ie nothing. Other sources say, "Love" comes from the French "l'œuf" (the egg) and to describe the appearance of zero on the scoreboard.

Rule changes
Because tennis at no time limit, it may be a very long time until a winner is established. Therefore, always rule change proposals in circulation, the game more attractive and the duration shorter. It was in the 1970s already the tie-break, especially so long sentences can be avoided. There is also the no-ad-rule (No. Advantage), in a game booth at 40:40 of the next point on the game decides. This rule, however, was only officially been Doppelkonkurrenzen used.

A counter-movement is mainly at the hard court tennis to recognize. Since then the rally relatively short time, there are some considerations, the ball changing attractive, and thus the game time again to renew. Some tournaments are already larger balls used, the speed decrease. Also on increasing the network edge, or the abolition of the second markup has been discussed, so that the impact velocity is reduced. However, such proposals so far without result.

Another change is the so-called champions tie-break. It will be like a normal tie-break played, but only ends at 10 instead of 7 points. Originally introduced to the older players often tiring third set to save (instead, the third sentence by the Champions Tie-Break replaced), it is now even with the assets in regulation play and tournaments.

Read also Lawn Tennis