Golf (Sports)

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Golf (Sports)
Golf is a sport that has a long tradition. It is given to a ball with as few strokes in a hole to play, with several golf clubs used. A round of golf consists of 18 fairways, which in turn on a golf course. Long time was developed in Scotland as a golf predominantly elitist and expensive pastime viewed, in the meantime, however, it has developed in many countries, a popular sport. The number of players worldwide is estimated at 50 million.

History
Generally, the Scots as the inventor of the Gulf, but there are also a number of other theories, the originating in continental Europe. Frequently mentioned in the Netherlands (1297: Colf in Loenan ann de Vecht), France (Chole to 1200, a figure on a hole in puttenden Golfers Hours of Adelaïde of Savoy around 1450) and Brussels (1360: Prohibition of Colven). In the Cathedral of Gloucester there is a glass window of 1340, which show a golfer. [1] But even in ancient Egypt, ancient Rome (paganica) in early Japan, Korea (tagu, from 1400) and China (chuiwan , from about 1000 [2]) found evidence of a game with a ball and clubs.

It is controversial, to what we still must expect predecessors (which would then hockey, Croquet, baseball or billiards developed), and when in fact spoken of golf can be. Ultimately, it depends on the criteria that are seen as indispensable for golf. For example, it has only been Pieter van Afferdens Latin textbook from 1545 vouches doubt that the execution of the Gulf shock of the players not to be disturbed by the opponents. The earliest Scottish documents could therefore even a sport, which is "golf" meant, but by her character more of an interactive game fight.

In contrast, however, the fact that of all the morning or the pre-game only to the Scottish variant today. All other forms disappeared or eventually evolved in a different direction - for example Colf was from the indoor game Kolf or Kolven. Today's golf game was normal in all countries, not only British in the 19th Or 20th Century introduced or re-imported.

15th Century

The first written testimony of the Gulf in today's spelling dates from the year 1457, when the Scottish Parliament, with King James II as a driving force "fut ye ye golf ball and are prohibited on the grounds that it draw from the practice of archery. The spell by the Kings James III. (1471) and James IV (1491) once again reaffirmed. He covered the 1502 peace treaty between Scotland and England to the victims of the paramilitary exercises of the population no longer seem appropriate. Soon after it became known that James IV himself playing golf as an invoice prepared for him golf clubs in the official budget of the Court appeared.

16th Century

Because of the royal support of King Charles I is spreading in the 16th Gulf Century Britain. The first Civil golfer finds mention 1527, a certain Sir Robert Maule be on the Barry links in the vicinity of the modern played Carnoustie. The first reference to golf in St Andrews is from 1552, the following year the Archbishop adopt a decree by the local population the game on the links. As a result, Mary Stuart leads the sport in France. She is from the year 1567 said that they immediately after the assassination of her husband plays golf, which they generally criticized.

17th Century

The first golf club maker is documented in 1603, when William Mayne of King James VI to the Royal Club Maker is appointed. The "Featherie", a leather stuffed with feathers ball, 1618 comes into play. The first mention of golf in America is a ban of the game in the streets of Albany, New York, from the year 1659. The first international match held in Leith 1682, when Scotland (represented by the Duke of York and John Paterson) ungenanntes English duo defeated. In this context is also the first known caddie, Andrew Dickson wore the racket of the Duke of York.

18th Century

1735 with the Royal Burgess Golf Society, the first golf club founded, with the source material here is controversial. The first exports of golf clubs to America is survived by 1743. In 1744 Leith found that the Gentlemen Golfers of Leith, which is also the first formal rules of golf any more. Later that they are still existing Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers. As the eldest Golf Club, which continuously existed at the same location, founded in 1754, the Society of St. Andrews Golfers, later renamed the Royal & Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews. The Zählspiel, 1759 in St Andrews, first mentioned before, there were only the shape of the hole playing game. Royal Blackheath, near London, 1766, the first golf club outside of Scotland in 1768 is the first in Leith clubhouse.

19th Century

The first documented women's tournament will be 1810 in Musselburgh (10 miles east of Edinburgh) held, 1867 constituted the first Ladies Golf Club at St Andrews. Outside the British main island, it is 1820 to the first club was founded in Bangalore, Continental will start 1856 in Pau. The hickory shaft is from 1826 against other wood species, 1891, the steel shaft on the market. From 1848, the Featherie by the continued flying and cheaper manufactured gutta-percha ball replaced, in turn, the same reasons the 1898 Haskell ball, a rubber core wrapped hard, soft. The Open Championship, the oldest, still played tournament, is celebrating its premiere in 1860 at Prestwick. Young Tom Morris succeeds in 1867 the first traditional Hole in One. 1892 constituted with the Darmstadt Golf Club, the first club in Germany; British patients already played in the park since 1889 Bad Homburg, a group of German youths to Philipp Heineken from 1890 in the Neckar River floodplain in Cannstatt [3]. The founding of the USGA falls to the year 1894, after the counting is Stableford 1898 invented and patented Holztee 1899.

20th Century

Golf is at the Games 1900 and 1904 Olympic sport. 1902 grooves appear on the blade, 1905 Dimples on the golf ball, to be the 1910 center-shafted putter and 1911, the Stahlschäfte R & A out of the game. The German Golf Association adopted its 1907 shops. With the PGA of America is constituted, 1916, the first representation of the interests of professional golfers. Stahlschäfte are anywhere from 1929 to oust now approved and the final-hickory shafts. The ceiling of 14 per player flippers and the first round is 1938. R & A and USGA 1951 to agree a common set of rules, while Stymies abolished and center-shafted putter again. In 1963 the rubber grip experience (before leather) and cast iron (previously forged) her debut, 1969 following the graphite and cavity-back irons. Hitherto, only two golf shots on the moon, astronauts will be Alan Shepard in 1971. The first driver heads made of metal coming out in 1979 to oust the wood from Persimmon. Titanium is used as material for wood in the year 1994 in the American market and is in the follow-through.

Rules
The first written rules date from the year 1744 by the Gentlemen Golfers of Leith. The modern rules of golf, however, have their origin in the 1754 founded Royal & Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews (R & A). Today they will jointly by the R & A and USGA and are published in the current version by the end of 2007. A special feature in the Gulf is the huge and largely course of imposing playing field (the so-called golf course), so that the rules of a variety of possible situations. That's why the rules extensive than that of most other sports, and even experienced players are sometimes unsure what rule in a particular case.

Each national Golf Association (in Germany DGV) holds for this purpose a commission of experts to rule the disputed questions answered, if the facts clearly for keeps. If this is not the case, it is ultimately the R & A and USGA to the so-called "Decision" asked an official rule also interpretation. As the golf rules themselves are also published Decisions (more than 800 pages), but they have a relatively limited practical relevance, since they mainly deal with special cases.

The goal of the game
It is a ball (at least 42.67 mm in diameter, weighing no more than 45.93 grams) with as few strokes of golf as a designated tee area, in accordance with the rules of golf into a 10.8 cm durchmessendes and usually several hundred metres away , circular hole to play. The playing field, the so-called golf course, generally encompasses 18 fairways, which total about 7,000 meters long.

Can the ball is not played the rules (for example, because he is no longer find in a pond or absorbed), as are the rules of golf certain possibilities of resumption before, but usually under allocation of Strafschlägen. The sum of the beatings until Einlochen of the ball (golf shots Strafschläge +), Score, and on a pre-results slip, called Score Card, noted.

Par
For each game Railway (also known as "hole") is a so-called Par. This value represents the number of strokes, a very good player (Scratch golfers) needs to secure the ball from the tee into the hole to play. The calculation of par for a golf course is always assumed that two Putts Green on the run. This is then a certain number of shots for the game from the tee to the green. This number varies with the length of the hole, not with his difficulty with the additional bunkers, hills, water, etc. is a separate course and slope rating is specified.

If the ball is a player with "Par minus 2" strokes on the green, then one speaks of a "green in regulation." An 18-hole course frequently has four par-3 holes, ten par 4 and four par 5. Thus, usually a par of 72 for the entire round. For 9-hole courses halve these figures accordingly, with just below the 9-hole short courses many places, mainly from the Par-3 holes.

Forms, Zählweisen, Handicap

There are two basic forms for games, namely Zählspiel and hole game, each several variations exist. Zählspiel When it comes to the score achieved in comparison to the rest of the participants field. Since there is no direct opponent, it is here too often, playing against the course. Anders hole at the game, in this case a specific opponent to beat by winning more holes (ie each hole with a lower score finishes) than this.

For both forms, there are two Zählweisen turn, namely gross (the score is actually played a major) and net (played the score will be adjusted to compensate for the difference in skill level of participants to create). Thus, it follows from the gross tableau of the absolutely best golfers and the Nettozählweise identified the relatively best player, who is in comparison to his personal strength was most successful.

A widespread in Germany Zählspiels variant of the Zählspiel after Stableford. With this game will also form the handicaps of the German Golf Association (DGV) organised golfer. The handicap is the factor by which the actual score played by a net adjusted scoring and is also an exciting contest between adversaries different skill level. In other countries, the handicaps of the local golf associations in part by other methods, in so far is sometimes only a very rough comparability. Everywhere in the world, but a bogey-golfer "an advanced amateur understood that on average a one-stroke over par einlocht, while the" scratch golfer "to play around par, and at least by the strength of her game as a professional. A golf beginners is commonly known as "Rabbit" (rabbit).

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